Spanish Society of Precision Health, SENMO/SESAP, 38320 Canary Islands, Spain.
Integrative Medicine Centre, CEMINT, Technical-Scientific Nucleus, 2800-56 Almada, Portugal.
Nutrients. 2021 Apr 15;13(4):1302. doi: 10.3390/nu13041302.
As the incidence of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases (CNCDs) increases, preventive approaches become more crucial. In this review, calorie restriction (CR) effects on human beings were evaluated, comparing the benefits and risks of different CR diets: classic CR vs. ketosis-inducing diets, including intermittent fasting (IF), classic ketogenic diet (CKD), fasting mimicking diet (FMD), very-low-calorie ketogenic Diet (VLCKD) and Spanish ketogenic Mediterranean diet (SKMD). Special emphasis on insulin resistance (IR) was placed, as it mediates metabolic syndrome (MS), a known risk factor for CNCD, and is predictive of MS diagnosis. CR is the most robust intervention known to increase lifespan and health span, with high evidence and known biochemical mechanisms. CR improves cardiometabolic risk parameters, boosts exercise insulin sensitivity response, and there may be benefits of implementing moderate CR on healthy young and middle-aged individuals. However, there is insufficient evidence to support long-term CR. CKD is effective for weight and MS management, and may have additional benefits such as prevention of muscle loss and appetite control. SKMD has extreme significance benefits for all the metabolic parameters studied. Studies show inconsistent benefits of IF compared to classic CR. More studies are required to study biochemical parameters, reinforce evidence, identify risks, and seek effective and safe nutritional CR approaches.
随着慢性非传染性疾病（CNCDs）发病率的上升，预防方法变得更加重要。在这篇综述中，评估了热量限制（CR）对人类的影响，比较了不同 CR 饮食的益处和风险：经典 CR 与诱导酮症的饮食，包括间歇性禁食（IF）、经典生酮饮食（CKD）、禁食模拟饮食（FMD）、极低卡路里生酮饮食（VLCKD）和西班牙生酮地中海饮食（SKMD）。特别强调了胰岛素抵抗（IR），因为它介导代谢综合征（MS），这是 CNCD 的已知风险因素，并且是 MS 诊断的预测因素。CR 是已知的最能延长寿命和健康寿命的干预措施，具有高证据和已知的生化机制。CR 改善了心血管代谢风险参数，增强了运动胰岛素敏感性反应，对于健康的年轻和中年个体实施适度 CR 可能有好处。然而，没有足够的证据支持长期 CR。CKD 对体重和 MS 的管理有效，并且可能具有预防肌肉损失和控制食欲等额外益处。SKMD 对所有研究的代谢参数都有极端重要的益处。研究表明，IF 与经典 CR 相比，益处不一致。需要更多的研究来研究生化参数，加强证据，识别风险，并寻求有效和安全的营养 CR 方法。
