Impact of acyl-homoserine lactones on the response of nitrogen cycling in sediment to florfenicol stress.

Antibiotic residuals disrupt environmental microbial metabolism and can alter the nitrogen cycle. Quorum sensing has both inter- and intra-species effects that are directly related to the population densities necessary for microbial nitrogen cycling. Here, we explored how acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) can change the response of nitrogen cycling to florfenicol in sediments. AHLs might promote microbial reproduction in sediment under florfenicol stress. The relative abundances of Proteobacteria and Euryarchaeota in the antibiotic and AHL treatment groups were higher than those in the control group. AHLs reduced the effects of antibiotics on the abundance of Nitrospira at sampling times of 3d, 10d, and 20d. In the annotation results, nitrate reductase showed the highest abundance, followed by nitrite reductase, nitrogenase, nitric oxide (NO) reductase, nitrous oxide reductase, and ammonia monooxygenase. The abundances of these genes have changed in response to pressure by florfenicol and the addition of AHLs. We also found significant associations between the nitrogen cycle-related functional genes and dominant genera. In particular, glutamate metabolic enzymes and nitrate/nitrite transporters were the primary participants in correlation. Florfenicol can rapidly alter microbial community structures in sediments, affect the functional diversity of microorganisms, and hinder the nitrogen cycle. The response of microorganisms to florfenicol was regulated by the addition of AHLs. This process might alter the use and production of nitrogenous substances in the environment by functional communities in sediments.