Haymet Andrew B, Bartnikowski Nicole, Wood Emily S, Vallely Michael P, McBride Angela, Yacoub Sophie, Biering Scott B, Harris Eva, Suen Jacky Y, Fraser John F
Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, QLD, Australia.
Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.
Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021 Apr 14;8:647086. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.647086. eCollection 2021.
All human cells are coated by a surface layer of proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and plasma proteins, called the glycocalyx. The glycocalyx transmits shear stress to the cytoskeleton of endothelial cells, maintains a selective permeability barrier, and modulates adhesion of blood leukocytes and platelets. Major components of the glycocalyx, including syndecans, heparan sulfate, and hyaluronan, are shed from the endothelial surface layer during conditions including ischaemia and hypoxia, sepsis, atherosclerosis, diabetes, renal disease, and some viral infections. Studying mechanisms of glycocalyx damage can be challenging due to the complexity of immuno-inflammatory responses which are inextricably involved. Previously, both static as well as perfused models have studied the glycocalyx, and have reported either imaging data, assessment of barrier function, or interactions of blood components with the endothelial monolayer. To date, no model has simultaneously incorporated all these features at once, however such a model would arguably enhance the study of vasculopathic processes. This review compiles a series of current models described in the literature that have targeted the glycocalyx layer, their limitations, and potential opportunities for further developments in this field.
所有人类细胞都被一层蛋白聚糖、糖胺聚糖（GAGs）和血浆蛋白覆盖，这层物质被称为糖萼。糖萼将剪切应力传递至内皮细胞的细胞骨架，维持选择性渗透屏障，并调节血液中白细胞和血小板的黏附。在包括缺血、缺氧、败血症、动脉粥样硬化、糖尿病、肾脏疾病以及一些病毒感染等情况下，糖萼的主要成分，包括多配体蛋白聚糖、硫酸乙酰肝素和透明质酸，会从内皮表面层脱落。由于免疫炎症反应的复杂性与之紧密相关，研究糖萼损伤机制可能具有挑战性。此前，静态模型和灌注模型都对糖萼进行了研究，并报告了成像数据、屏障功能评估或血液成分与内皮单层的相互作用。然而，迄今为止，尚无模型能同时具备所有这些特征，不过这样的模型无疑会加强对血管病变过程的研究。本综述汇编了文献中描述的一系列针对糖萼层的当前模型、它们的局限性以及该领域进一步发展的潜在机会。
