College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, China.
Technology Center Laboratory, Jilin Tobacco Industrial Co. Ltd., Changchun, 130031, China.
Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2021 Jul;81(1):67-76. doi: 10.1007/s00244-021-00849-9. Epub 2021 May 4.
In this study, the occurrence of heavy metals including cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) was investigated in indoor dust samples collected from 33 urban and rural areas in 11 provinces, China. The concentrations of the selected heavy metals were determined by an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The mean concentrations of Zn (166 mg kg), Pb (40.7 mg kg), Cr (19.8 mg kg), Cu (16.9 mg kg), and Cd (2.29 mg kg) in indoor dust are in low or moderate levels compared with other countries or regions. Cd was significantly enriched with the highest enrichment factor of 23.7, followed by Zn, Pb, Cu, and Cr, which were all lower than 3. The concentrations of Pb from Northern China (61.4 mg kg) were significantly higher than those from Southern China (8.88 mg kg). The concentrations of heavy metals in indoor dusts from rural areas were higher than those from urban areas except for Cu. The multivariate analysis of variance revealed that wall cover, fuel types, and air conditioning were dominant factors influencing the levels of heavy metals in indoor dust. Principal component analysis showed that outdoor dust and wall paint were main factors for the high concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Cr, accounting for 40.6% of the total contribution; traffic sources contributed to the high levels of Cu and Zn explained 20.6% of the total variance. The hazard indexes of selected heavy metals were less than 1 and carcinogenic risk value of Cr were between 1.01 × 10 and 1 × 10, indicating minor noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks from heavy metals in indoor dust for residents in China. Pb contributed 72.0% and 86.9% to the sum of noncarcinogenic risk values of selected heavy metals for adults and children, respectively. The carcinogenic risk value of Cr was approximately 13-fold higher than that of Cd for both adults and children. Children endured higher risks from heavy metals in indoor dust compared with adults.
本研究调查了中国 11 个省份 33 个城乡地区室内灰尘样本中镉（Cd）、铬（Cr）、铜（Cu）、铅（Pb）和锌（Zn）等重金属的含量。采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定了所选重金属的浓度。室内灰尘中 Zn（166mg/kg）、Pb（40.7mg/kg）、Cr（19.8mg/kg）、Cu（16.9mg/kg）和 Cd（2.29mg/kg）的平均浓度与其他国家或地区相比处于低或中等水平。Cd 的富集程度最高，富集因子为 23.7，其次是 Zn、Pb、Cu 和 Cr，均低于 3。来自中国北方（61.4mg/kg）的 Pb 浓度显著高于中国南方（8.88mg/kg）。与城市地区相比，农村地区室内灰尘中重金属浓度较高，但 Cu 除外。多元方差分析表明，墙壁覆盖物、燃料类型和空调是影响室内灰尘中重金属水平的主要因素。主成分分析表明，室外灰尘和墙面涂料是 Cd、Pb 和 Cr 浓度较高的主要因素，占总贡献率的 40.6%；交通源对 Cu 和 Zn 的高水平贡献较大，占总方差的 20.6%。选定重金属的危害指数均小于 1，Cr 的致癌风险值在 1.01×10-1 到 1×10-1 之间，表明中国居民室内灰尘中的重金属具有较小的非致癌和致癌风险。对于成年人和儿童，Pb 分别占所选重金属非致癌风险值总和的 72.0%和 86.9%。Cr 的致癌风险值对于成年人和儿童来说均约为 Cd 的 13 倍。与成年人相比，儿童从室内灰尘中重金属所承受的风险更高。
