Central Ground Water Board, Central Headquarters, Department of Water Resources, RD & GR, Faridabad, India.
Central Ground Water Board, WCR, Department of Water Resources, RD & GR, Ahmedabad, India.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021 Sep;28(36):50188-50203. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-14156-2. Epub 2021 May 5.
Analytical data of fluoride concentration in groundwater collected from various geological formations in Gujarat, India, have been studied to assess their spatial distribution characteristics and related potential chronic health risks. Decadal analysis of groundwater was attempted for precise quantification and a realistic ground representation of fluoride concentration in the entire state. This exercise involved collection of 6407 samples over a period of 10 years (2009-2018), from 641 representative locations, distributed evenly throughout the state (6407 = 641 locations × 10 years). The analytical results indicate that 19% of the sample locations have fluoride concentration higher than the permissible limit and 42% of the locations have fluoride concentration much below the desirable limit, thereby exposing children to a higher risk of associated dental morbidities. Monte Carlo simulation integrated with sensitivity and uncertainty analysis was applied for an accurate and realistic assessment of the non-carcinogenic health risk. Model results indicated that groundwater fluoride exposure through consumption is way higher than the exposure due to dermal absorption pathway. It is inferred that 94 locations (15%) have total hazard index greater than the unity value for all population groups, thereby increasing the vulnerability of the local populace to dental and skeletal fluorosis. Total hazard index in 210 locations (36%) and 188 locations (29%) are beyond the permissible limit for the population comprising infants and children. Populaces living in these locations are susceptible to health hazards that stems from high fluoride concentration. Children and infants are at greater risk due to groundwater fluoride toxicity when compared to the adult populace. The order of the geographic stratification of vulnerability is Mainland regions > Saurashtra region > Kachchh region. Ingestion rate and fluoride concentration are the sensitive parameters with high impact and residents of these vulnerable locations should be advised to abstain from direct intake of groundwater and resort to defluoridised groundwater.
对印度古吉拉特邦不同地质构造采集的地下水氟浓度分析数据进行了研究，以评估其空间分布特征及相关的潜在慢性健康风险。对地下水进行了十年的分析，试图进行精确量化，并真实地反映整个州的氟浓度。这项工作涉及在 10 年内（2009-2018 年）从 641 个具有代表性的地点采集 6407 个样本，这些地点均匀分布在全州（6407=641 个地点×10 年）。分析结果表明，19%的采样点氟浓度超过允许限值，42%的采样点氟浓度远低于理想限值，使儿童面临更高的相关牙齿发病率风险。结合敏感性和不确定性分析的蒙特卡罗模拟用于对非致癌健康风险进行准确和现实的评估。模型结果表明，通过消费摄入地下水氟的暴露量远高于通过皮肤吸收途径的暴露量。推断出 94 个地点（15%）的总危害指数对于所有人群都大于 1 ，从而增加了当地居民患牙齿和骨骼氟中毒的脆弱性。210 个地点（36%）和 188 个地点（29%）的总危害指数对于包含婴儿和儿童的人群超过了允许限值。生活在这些地点的居民容易受到高氟浓度带来的健康危害。与成人人口相比，儿童和婴儿因地下水氟毒性而面临更大的风险。脆弱性的地理分层顺序为大陆地区>索拉什特拉地区>卡奇地区。摄食率和氟浓度是具有高影响的敏感参数，这些脆弱地点的居民应被建议避免直接摄入地下水，并使用除氟地下水。
