Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama.
Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida.
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2021 Jul 1;321(1):C40-C57. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.00056.2021. Epub 2021 May 5.
Skeletal muscle is the most abundant tissue in healthy individuals and it has important roles in health beyond voluntary movement. The overall mass and energy requirements of skeletal muscle require it to be metabolically active and flexible to multiple energy substrates. The tissue has evolved to be largely load dependent and it readily adapts in a number of positive ways to repetitive overload, such as various forms of exercise training. However, unloading from extended bed rest and/or metabolic derangements in response to trauma, acute illness, or severe pathology, commonly results in rapid muscle wasting. Decline in muscle mass contributes to multimorbidity, reduces function, and exerts a substantial, negative impact on the quality of life. The principal mechanisms controlling muscle mass have been well described and these cellular processes are intricately regulated by exercise. Accordingly, exercise has shown great promise and efficacy in preventing or slowing muscle wasting through changes in molecular physiology, organelle function, cell signaling pathways, and epigenetic regulation. In this review, we focus on the role of exercise in altering the molecular landscape of skeletal muscle in a manner that improves or maintains its health and function in the presence of unloading or disease.epigenetics; exercise; muscle wasting; resistance training; skeletal muscle.
骨骼肌是健康个体中最丰富的组织，它在除了自主运动以外的健康方面具有重要作用。骨骼肌的整体质量和能量需求使其具有代谢活性和对多种能量底物的灵活性。该组织的进化在很大程度上依赖于负荷，并且它可以通过多种方式积极适应重复的过载，例如各种形式的运动训练。然而，长时间卧床休息和/或创伤、急性疾病或严重病理引起的代谢紊乱会导致肌肉迅速减少。肌肉质量的下降会导致多种疾病，降低功能，并对生活质量产生实质性的负面影响。控制肌肉质量的主要机制已经得到很好的描述，这些细胞过程通过运动受到精细的调节。因此，运动在通过改变分子生理学、细胞器功能、细胞信号通路和表观遗传调控来预防或减缓肌肉减少方面显示出巨大的希望和功效。在这篇综述中，我们重点讨论了运动在改变骨骼肌分子景观方面的作用，这种改变以改善或维持其在失负荷或疾病状态下的健康和功能。表观遗传学；运动；肌肉减少症；抗阻训练；骨骼肌。
