Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
Neuroimage. 2021 Aug 15;237:118134. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118134. Epub 2021 May 2.
Despite theoretical models suggesting developmental changes in neural substrates of cognitive control in adolescence, empirical research has rarely examined intraindividual changes in cognitive control-related brain activation using multi-wave multivariate longitudinal data. We used longitudinal repeated measures of brain activation and behavioral performance during the multi-source interference task (MSIT) from 167 adolescents (53% male) who were assessed annually over four years from ages 13 to 17 years. We applied latent growth modeling to delineate the pattern of brain activation changes over time and to examine longitudinal associations between brain activation and behavioral performance. We identified brain regions that showed differential change patterns: (1) the fronto-parietal regions that involved bilateral insula, bilateral middle frontal gyrus, left pre-supplementary motor area, left inferior parietal lobule, and right precuneus; and (2) the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC) region. Longitudinal confirmatory factor analyses of the fronto-parietal regions revealed strong measurement invariance across time implying that multivariate functional magnetic resonance imaging data during cognitive control can be measured reliably over time. Latent basis growth models indicated that fronto-parietal activation decreased over time, whereas rACC activation increased over time. In addition, behavioral performance data, age-related improvement was indicated by a decreasing trajectory of intraindividual variability in response time across four years. Testing longitudinal brain-behavior associations using multivariate growth models revealed that better behavioral cognitive control was associated with lower fronto-parietal activation, but the change in behavioral performance was not related to the change in brain activation. The current findings suggest that reduced effects of cognitive interference indicated by fronto-parietal recruitment may be a marker of a maturing brain that underlies better cognitive control performance during adolescence.
尽管理论模型表明，青少年时期认知控制的神经基质会发生发育变化，但实证研究很少使用多波多变量纵向数据来研究认知控制相关脑激活的个体内变化。我们使用来自 167 名青少年（53%为男性）的多源干扰任务（MSIT）的大脑激活和行为表现的纵向重复测量数据，这些青少年在 13 至 17 岁期间每年接受评估，共四年。我们应用潜在增长模型来描绘大脑激活随时间的变化模式，并研究大脑激活与行为表现之间的纵向关联。我们确定了显示不同变化模式的大脑区域：（1）额顶区域，包括双侧岛叶、双侧额中回、左侧预备运动区、左侧下顶叶和右侧楔前叶；（2）前扣带皮层（rACC）区域。额顶区域的纵向验证性因子分析显示，随着时间的推移，测量具有很强的不变性，这意味着认知控制期间的多变量功能磁共振成像数据可以随着时间的推移可靠地测量。潜在基础增长模型表明，额顶区的激活随时间减少，而 rACC 的激活随时间增加。此外，行为表现数据表明，随着时间的推移，个体内反应时变异性的轨迹呈下降趋势，表明四年内个体的认知控制表现有所改善。使用多元增长模型测试大脑-行为的纵向关联表明，更好的行为认知控制与较低的额顶区激活相关，但行为表现的变化与大脑激活的变化无关。当前的研究结果表明，额顶区招募减少表明认知干扰的影响降低，这可能是大脑成熟的标志，这种成熟是青少年认知控制表现更好的基础。
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