Hodapp Robert M
Department of Special Education, Peabody College, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
Dev Psychopathol. 2021 May;33(2):453-465. doi: 10.1017/S0954579420002084.
Comprising two parts, Ed Zigler's developmental approach has greatly influenced how one conceptualizes children with intellectual disabilities (ID). In part one, Zigler championed a "two-group approach" concerning the cause of children's ID. He distinguished persons with a clear, organic cause of their ID from those displaying no clear cause. Members of this "organic" group often displayed IQs below 50 and co-occurring physical-medical conditions. The second, "cultural-familial" group, mostly showed IQs of 50-70, did not possess co-occurring physical or health problems, and often came from families of lower IQs and lower socioeconomic status. While the presence of these two groups has been supported, recent advances have also further differentiated the organic group, mostly in relation to behavioral phenotypes of persons with several genetic etiologies. In part two, Zigler championed the child with ID as a "whole person." Originally focused on the child's reactions to social deprivation and failure, recent studies directly examine parent-child, within-family, and wider system interactions throughout the life span. For decades a force within the ID field, Zigler's developmental approach to children with ID continues to influence researchers, interventionists, and policymakers.
埃德·齐格勒的发展方法由两部分组成，它极大地影响了人们对智力残疾儿童的概念化理解。在第一部分中，齐格勒倡导了一种关于儿童智力残疾成因的“两组方法”。他将那些智力残疾有明确器质性病因的人与那些没有明确病因的人区分开来。这个“器质性”群体的成员智商通常低于50，并且伴有身体疾病。第二个“文化-家族性”群体，大多智商在50-70之间，没有同时出现身体或健康问题，并且往往来自智商较低和社会经济地位较低的家庭。虽然这两个群体的存在得到了支持，但最近的进展也进一步区分了器质性群体，主要是在与几种遗传病因患者的行为表型相关方面。在第二部分中，齐格勒倡导将智力残疾儿童视为“完整的人”。最初关注儿童对社会剥夺和失败的反应，最近的研究直接考察了整个生命周期中的亲子、家庭内部以及更广泛系统的互动。几十年来，齐格勒对智力残疾儿童的发展方法一直是该领域的一股力量，继续影响着研究人员、干预专家和政策制定者。
