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直肠黏液腺癌的驱动突变及分子机制研究进展

An Insight Into the Driver Mutations and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Mucinous Adenocarcinoma of the Rectum.

机构信息

Department of Colorectal Surgery, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.

Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.

出版信息

Dis Colon Rectum. 2021 Jun 1;64(6):677-688. doi: 10.1097/DCR.0000000000001825.

DOI:10.1097/DCR.0000000000001825
PMID:33955407
Abstract

BACKGROUND

Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the rectum accounts for 10% of all rectal cancers and has an impaired response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and worse overall survival. To date, insufficient genomic research has been performed on this histological subtype.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to define the mismatch repair deficiency rate and the driver mutations underpinning mucinous adenocarcinoma of the rectum and to compare it with rectal adenocarcinoma not otherwise specified.

DESIGN

Immunohistochemistry and sequencing were performed on tumor samples from our tumor biobank.

SETTINGS

This study was conducted across 2 tertiary referral centers.

PATIENTS

Patients with mucinous adenocarcinoma and rectal adenocarcinoma not otherwise specified who underwent rectal resection between 2008 and 2018 were included.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Mismatch repair status was performed by immunohistochemical staining. Mutations in the panel of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes were determined by sequencing on the MiSeq V3 platform.

RESULTS

The study included 33 patients with mucinous adenocarcinoma of the rectum and 100 patients with rectal adenocarcinoma not otherwise specified. Those with mucinous adenocarcinoma had a mismatch repair deficiency rate of 12.1% compared to 2.0% in the adenocarcinoma not otherwise specified cohort (p = 0.04). Mucinous adenocarcinoma and adenocarcinoma not otherwise specified rectal tumors had similar mutation frequencies in most oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. No difference was found in the KRAS mutation rate (50.0% vs 37.1%, p = 0.29) or BRAF mutation rate (6.7% vs 3.1%, p = 0.34) between the cohorts. No difference was found between the cohorts regarding recurrence-free (p = 0.29) or overall survival (p = 0.14).

LIMITATIONS

The major limitations of this study were the use of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue over fresh-frozen tissue and the small number of patients included, in particular, in the mucinous rectal cohort.

CONCLUSIONS

Most mucinous rectal tumors develop and progress along the chromosomal instability pathway. Further research in the form of transcriptomics, proteomics, and analysis of the effects of the mucin barrier may yield valuable insights into the mechanisms of resistance to chemoradiotherapy in this cohort. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B464.

UNA PERCEPCIN SOBRE MUTACIONES IMPULSORAS Y MECANISMOS MOLECULARES SUBYACENTES AL ADENOCARCINOMA MUCINOSO DEL RECTO

ANTECEDENTES:El adenocarcinoma mucinoso del recto, representa el 10% de todos los cánceres rectales y tiene una respuesta deficiente a la quimioradioterapia neoadyuvante y una peor supervivencia en general. A la fecha, se han realizado muy pocas investigaciones genómicas sobre este subtipo histológico.OBJETIVO:Definir la tasa de deficiencia en la reparación de desajustes y mutaciones impulsoras, que sustentan el adenocarcinoma mucinoso del recto y compararlo con el adenocarcinoma rectal no especificado de otra manera.DISEÑO:Se realizaron inmunohistoquímica y secuenciación en muestras tumorales de nuestro biobanco de tumores.AJUSTE:El estudio se realizó en dos centros de referencia terciarios.PACIENTES:Se incluyeron pacientes con adenocarcinoma mucinoso y adenocarcinoma no especificado de otra manera, sometidos a resección rectal entre 2008 y 2018.PRINCIPALES MEDIDAS DE RESULTADO:El estado de reparación de desajustes se realizó mediante tinción inmunohistoquímica. Las mutaciones en el panel de oncogenes y genes supresores de tumores, se determinaron mediante secuenciación en la plataforma MiSeq V3.RESULTADOS:El estudio incluyó a 33 pacientes con adenocarcinoma mucinoso del recto y 100 pacientes con adenocarcinoma del recto no especificado de otra manera. Aquellos con adenocarcinoma mucinoso, tenían una tasa de deficiencia de reparación de desajustes del 12,1% en comparación con el 2,0% en la cohorte de adenocarcinoma no especificado de otra manera (p = 0,04). El adenocarcinoma mucinoso y el adenocarcinoma no especificado de otra manera, tuvieron frecuencias de mutación similares en la mayoría de los oncogenes y genes supresores de tumores. No se encontraron diferencias en la tasa de mutación de KRAS (50,0% frente a 37,1%, p = 0,29) o la tasa de mutación de BRAF (6,7% frente a 3,1%, p = 0,34) entre las cohortes. No se encontraron diferencias entre las cohortes con respecto a la supervivencia libre de recurrencia (p = 0,29) o la supervivencia global (p = 0,14).LIMITACIONES:Las mayores limitaciones de este estudio, fueron el uso de tejido embebido en parafina y fijado con formalina, sobre el tejido fresco congelado y el pequeño número de pacientes incluidos, particularmente en la cohorte mucinoso rectal.CONCLUSIONES:La mayoría de los tumores rectales mucinosos se desarrollan y progresan a lo largo de la vía de inestabilidad cromosómica. La investigación adicional en forma transcriptómica, proteómica y análisis de los efectos de la barrera de la mucina, puede proporcionar información valiosa sobre los mecanismos de resistencia a la quimioradioterapia, en esta cohorte. Consulte Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B464.

摘要

背景

直肠黏液腺癌占所有直肠癌的 10%,对新辅助放化疗反应不佳,总体生存率较差。迄今为止,对这种组织学亚型的基因组研究还不够充分。

目的

本研究旨在确定直肠黏液腺癌的错配修复缺陷率和潜在的驱动突变,并将其与非特指直肠腺癌进行比较。

设计

对我们的肿瘤生物库中的肿瘤样本进行免疫组织化学和测序。

设置

本研究在 2 个三级转诊中心进行。

患者

纳入 2008 年至 2018 年间接受直肠切除术的直肠黏液腺癌和非特指直肠腺癌患者。

主要观察指标

通过免疫组织化学染色检测错配修复状态。通过 MiSeq V3 平台对一组致癌基因和肿瘤抑制基因进行测序,以确定突变情况。

结果

该研究共纳入 33 例直肠黏液腺癌患者和 100 例非特指直肠腺癌患者。与非特指直肠腺癌组(2.0%)相比,黏液腺癌的错配修复缺陷率为 12.1%(p=0.04)。在大多数致癌基因和肿瘤抑制基因中,黏液腺癌和非特指直肠腺癌的突变频率相似。KRAS 突变率(50.0%比 37.1%,p=0.29)或 BRAF 突变率(6.7%比 3.1%,p=0.34)在两组间无差异。两组间无复发生存率(p=0.29)或总生存率(p=0.14)差异无统计学意义。

局限性

本研究的主要局限性是使用福尔马林固定、石蜡包埋的组织代替新鲜冷冻组织,以及特别是在直肠黏液腺癌组中纳入的患者数量较少。

结论

大多数直肠黏液腺癌沿着染色体不稳定途径发展和进展。通过转录组学、蛋白质组学和对黏液屏障效应的分析等形式的进一步研究,可能会为该队列对放化疗耐药的机制提供有价值的见解。详见文末视频摘要。

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