Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box #8, New York, NY 10065, USA.
Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 300 East 66th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2021 Jun;35(3):633-653. doi: 10.1016/j.hoc.2021.02.008. Epub 2021 Apr 10.
The hallmark of precision medicine involves tailoring the treatment to the patient and/or tumor-specific biomarkers. Candidate biomarkers in bladder cancer are abundant, but few have been validated in clinical practice. Significant obstacles to precision medicine in bladder cancer include the limited predictive value of candidate biomarkers, lack of standardization in biomarker assessment, heterogeneity in biomarker expression and function, and limited insight into the biologic factors that influence biomarker expression and predictive capacity. This review summarizes key biomarkers explored in bladder cancer and outlines innovative trial designs to approach these obstacles.
精准医学的标志是根据患者和/或肿瘤特异性生物标志物来定制治疗方案。膀胱癌的候选生物标志物很多，但在临床实践中得到验证的却很少。膀胱癌精准医学的重大障碍包括候选生物标志物的预测价值有限、生物标志物评估缺乏标准化、生物标志物表达和功能的异质性以及对影响生物标志物表达和预测能力的生物学因素的了解有限。本文综述了膀胱癌中探索的关键生物标志物，并概述了解决这些障碍的创新试验设计。
