Martínez-Sanz José Miguel, Mata Fernando, Sala Ripoll Miguel, Puya Braza José María, Martínez Segura Asier, Sánchez Oliver Antonio Jesús, Cortell Tormo Juan Manuel
Departamento de Enfermería. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad de Alicante.
Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Nutrición.
Nutr Hosp. 2021 Jul 29;38(4):839-847. doi: 10.20960/nh.03413.
The use of nutritional supplements (NSs) is a widespread practice in both professional and amateur athletes. Their choice must be based on criteria of safety, legality, and effectiveness. There are several risks that some of these products can trigger, this being a reason for fraud to the consumer. By way of example, the presence of a legal substance in doses higher than its recommendation may cause unwanted side effects; on the other hand, its presence in quantities lower than necessary (effective threshold) may not have the effect expected or announced by the product. Therefore, the objective of this review was to describe the existence of fraud in relation to nutritional labeling and/or to the content of NSs intended for athletes. A narrative review was conducted through PubMed in which 16 studies met the inclusion criteria. The results show that nutritional labeling differs from the actual amounts of ingredients. This type of fraud has been found in protein powder supplements, pre-workout mixtures, creatine, and beverages containing vitamins and minerals, among others. Fraud due to errors in the labeling by omission of substances present in the product or by errors in the analysis or declaration of quantities, is high. This lack of transparency in the actual composition of labels can contribute to sports performance and/or health problems in the athlete. Therefore, an improvement of the legislation on NS is necessary to ensure their safety, effectiveness, and legality.
营养补充剂（NSs）在职业运动员和业余运动员中都被广泛使用。其选择必须基于安全性、合法性和有效性标准。这些产品中的一些可能引发多种风险，这是对消费者欺诈的一个原因。例如，合法物质的剂量高于推荐剂量可能会导致不良副作用；另一方面，其含量低于必要量（有效阈值）可能不会产生产品预期或宣称的效果。因此，本综述的目的是描述与运动员营养标签和/或营养补充剂含量相关的欺诈行为。通过PubMed进行了一项叙述性综述，其中16项研究符合纳入标准。结果表明，营养标签与实际成分含量不同。这种欺诈行为在蛋白粉补充剂、运动前混合饮料、肌酸以及含维生素和矿物质的饮料等产品中都有发现。由于产品中存在的物质遗漏、分析或数量申报错误导致的标签错误欺诈情况很严重。标签实际成分缺乏透明度可能会给运动员带来运动表现和/或健康问题。因此，有必要改进营养补充剂的立法，以确保其安全性、有效性和合法性。
