Genome-wide identification, characterization and expression profiles of the gene family in species.

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Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs) are a group of enzymes that catalyze the selective oxidative cleavage steps from carotenoids to apocarotenoids, which are essential for the synthesis of biologically important molecules such as retinoids, and the phytohormones abscisic acid (ABA) and strigolactones. In addition, CCDs play important roles in plant biotic and abiotic stress responses. Till now, a comprehensive characterization of the gene family in the economically important crop cotton ( spp.) is still missing. Here, we performed a genome-wide analysis and identified 33, 31, 16 and 15 genes from two allotetraploid species, and , and two diploid species, and , respectively. According to the phylogenetic tree analysis, cotton s are classified as six subgroups including , , , , () and z () sub-families. Evolutionary analysis shows that purifying selection dominated the evolution of these genes in and . Predicted -acting elements in 2 kb promoters of s in are mainly involved in light, stress and hormone responses. The transcriptomic analysis of s showed that different s displayed diverse expression patterns and were ubiquitously expressed in most tissues; moreover, s displayed specific inductions by different abiotic stresses. Quantitative reverse-transcriptional PCR (qRT-PCR) confirmed the induction of s by heat stress, salinity, polyethylene glycol (PEG) and ABA application. In summary, the bioinformatics and expression analysis of gene family provide evidence for the involvement in regulating abiotic stresses and useful information for in-depth studies of their biological functions in .

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-02805-9.