Camellia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Theaceae, and several species in this genus have economic importance. Although a great deal of molecular makers has been developed for molecular assisted breeding in genus Camellia in the past decade, the number of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) publicly available for plants in this genus is insufficient. In this study, a total of 28,854 potential SSRs were identified with a frequency of 4.63 kb. A total of 172 primer pairs were synthesized and preliminarily screened in 10 C. japonica accessions, and of these primer pairs, 111 were found to be polymorphic. Fifty-one polymorphic SSR markers were randomly selected to perform further analysis of the genetic relationships of 89 accessions across the genus Camellia. Cluster analysis revealed major clusters corresponding to those based on taxonomic classification and geographic origin. Furthermore, all the genotypes of C. japonica separated and consistently grouped well in the genetic structure analysis. The results of the present study provide high-quality SSR resources for molecular genetic breeding studies in camellia plants.