Rzymski Piotr, Mamzer Hanna, Nowicki Michał
Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Poznań, Poland.
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2021;1318:705-725. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-63761-3_39.
The outbreak of a new coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which appeared in late 2019 and eventually resulted in the announcement of a pandemic by the World Health Organization, led to global fear and panic as well as the spread of false information and fake news from different sources. As a result, a sharp increase in prejudice, discrimination, and xenophobia against different groups of people was observed in different geographical locations. This chapter presents the psychological and social sources of stereotypes and prejudices that take forms in the COVID-19 pandemic. These sources can be located in psychosocial processes, such as (i) socially generated and reinforced fears; (ii) human responses to stress induced by certain types of stimuli; (iii) sense of helplessness based on the lack of control over reality; (iv) psychological responses reinforced by conformism (crowd psychology); and (v) the stigmatization process. The chapter also presents the main groups of increased risk of experiencing prejudice and discrimination during the COVID-19 pandemic (Asians, health-care workers, COVID-19 patients, and their relatives). Moreover, it provides a documented example of such behaviors. The groups at higher risk of more adverse effects of COVID-19 due to pre-pandemic discrimination are also discussed. Finally, initiatives taken to mitigate the discrimination associated with COVID-19 are presented, as well as the recommendations and good practices for preventing these behaviors during future outbreaks and for limiting discrimination against COVID-19 until the disease can be contained.
2019年末出现的新型冠状病毒疾病（COVID-19）疫情，最终导致世界卫生组织宣布其为大流行病，引发了全球的恐惧和恐慌，同时也导致来自不同渠道的虚假信息和假新闻四处传播。结果，在不同地理位置都观察到针对不同人群的偏见、歧视和仇外心理急剧增加。本章介绍了在COVID-19大流行中形成的刻板印象和偏见的心理和社会根源。这些根源可存在于社会心理过程中，例如：（i）社会产生并强化的恐惧；（ii）人类对某些类型刺激所引发压力的反应；（iii）基于对现实缺乏掌控的无助感；（iv）从众心理（群体心理）强化的心理反应；以及（v）污名化过程。本章还介绍了在COVID-19大流行期间遭受偏见和歧视风险增加的主要群体（亚洲人、医护人员、COVID-19患者及其亲属）。此外，还提供了此类行为的一个有记录的例子。文中还讨论了由于疫情前的歧视而在COVID-19中面临更严重不良影响风险较高的群体。最后，介绍了为减轻与COVID-19相关的歧视而采取的举措，以及在未来疫情爆发期间预防这些行为和在疾病得到控制之前限制对COVID-19歧视的建议和良好做法。
