Organic nitrogen sources promote andrographolide biosynthesis by reducing nitrogen metabolism and increasing carbon accumulation in Andrographis paniculata.

Nitrogen (N) form affects secondary metabolites of medicinal plants, but the physiological and molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. To fully understand the response of andrographolide biosynthesis to different N forms in Andrographis paniculata, the plants were fed with nutritional solution containing sole N source of nitrate (NO), ammonium (NH), urea or glycine (Gly), and the growth, carbon (C) and N metabolisms and andrographolide biosynthesis were analyzed. We found that plants grown in urea and Gly performed greater photosynthetic rate and photosynthetic N use efficiency (PNUE) than those grown in NO and NH. Organic N sources reduced the activities of enzymes involving in C and N metabolisms such as glutamine synthase (GS), glutamate synthase (GOGAT) and NADH-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (NADH-GDH), invertase (INV), isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) and glycolate oxidase (GO), resulting in reduced depletion of carbohydrates and increased starch accumulation. However, they enhanced andrographolide content by up-regulating the key genes in its biosynthetic pathway including HMGR, DXS, GGPS and ApCPS. Besides, NH decreased leaf SPAD value, contents of soluble protein and amino acids and GO activity, but increased photosynthetic rate and contents of soluble sugar and starch in comparison to NO. Andrographolide biosynthesis was also up-regulated. The results revealed that increasing accumulation of carbohydrates, especially starch, was beneficial to the biosynthesis of andrographolide; organic N sources decreased carbohydrate depletion by reducing N metabolism, and promoted plant growth and andrographolide biosynthesis synergistically.