Zhemchuzhnikov Mikhail K, Versluijs Tom S L, Lameris Thomas K, Reneerkens Jeroen, Both Christiaan, van Gils Jan A
NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research Den Burg The Netherlands.
University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands.
Ecol Evol. 2021 Mar 20;11(9):3710-3725. doi: 10.1002/ece3.7346. eCollection 2021 May.
Many organisms reproduce in seasonal environments, where selection on timing of reproduction is particularly strong as consumers need to synchronize reproduction with the peaked occurrence of their food. When a consumer species changes its phenology at a slower rate than its resources, this may induce a trophic mismatch, that is, offspring growing up after the peak in food availability, potentially leading to reductions in growth and survival. However, there is large variation in the degree of trophic mismatches as well as in its effects on reproductive output.Here, we explore the potential causes for variation in the strength of trophic mismatches in published studies of birds. Specifically, we ask whether the changes in the degree of mismatch that have occurred over time can be explained by a bird's (a) breeding latitude, (b) migration distance, and/or (c) life-history traits.We found that none of these three factors explain changes in the degree of mismatch over time. Nevertheless, food phenology did advance faster at more northerly latitudes, while shifts in bird phenology did not show a trend with latitude.We argue that the lack of support in our results is attributable to the large variation in the metrics used to describe timing of food availability. We propose a pathway to improve the quantification of trophic mismatches, guided by a more rigorous understanding of links between consumers and their resources.
许多生物在季节性环境中繁殖，在这种环境下，由于消费者需要使繁殖与食物的高峰出现时间同步，对繁殖时间的选择尤为强烈。当一个消费者物种改变其物候的速度比其资源慢时，这可能会导致营养不匹配，也就是说，后代在食物可获得量达到峰值后才成长，这可能会导致生长和生存的减少。然而，营养不匹配的程度及其对繁殖输出的影响存在很大差异。在这里，我们在已发表的鸟类研究中探讨营养不匹配强度变化的潜在原因。具体来说，我们要问随着时间推移出现的不匹配程度变化是否可以由鸟类的（a）繁殖纬度、（b）迁徙距离和/或（c）生活史特征来解释。我们发现这三个因素都无法解释随着时间推移不匹配程度的变化。尽管如此，在更偏北的纬度，食物物候确实提前得更快，而鸟类物候的变化并没有随着纬度呈现出一种趋势。我们认为我们的结果缺乏支持是由于用于描述食物可获得时间的指标存在很大差异。我们提出了一条改进营养不匹配量化的途径，这是在对消费者与其资源之间的联系有更严格理解的指导下进行的。
