Characterization of floral insect community and activity of three native bees.

(black willow) is a widespread tree that hosts many species of polylectic hymenopterans and oligolectic bees of the genus . The early flowering of makes it an important nutritive resource for arthropods emerging from hibernation. However, since is dioecious, not all insect visits will lead to successful pollination. Using both visual observation and pan-trapping, we characterized the community of arthropods that visited flowers and assessed differences among male and female trees as well as the chemical and visual drivers that influenced community composition across 3 years. We found that male trees consistently supported higher diversity of insects than female trees and only three insect species, all spp., consistently visited both sexes. Additionally, , which was the only insect that occurred more on female than male flowers, correlated strongly to volatile cues. This suggests that cross-pollinators cue into specific aspects of floral scent, but diversity of floral visitors is driven strongly by visual cues of yellow male pollen. Through time, the floral activity of two species remained stable, but visited less in 2017 when flowers bloomed earlier than other years. When native bee emergence does not synchronize with bloom, activity appears to be diminished which could threaten species that subsist on a single host. Despite the community diversity of flowers, its productivity depends on a small fraction of species that are not threatened by competition, but rather rapidly changing conditions that lead to host-insect asynchrony.