Department of Zoology, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, University of Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa.
Chemosphere. 2021 Jul;274:129900. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129900. Epub 2021 Feb 9.
The burden of the human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) infection has transformed the African continent into a major consumer of antiretrovirals (ARVs) drugs. In addition to HIV burden, the African continent has also a high incidence of tuberculosis (TB) and has been experiencing recurring outbreaks of several other viral, bacterial, and parasitic epidemic diseases. The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2 or Covid-19) pandemic outbreak is adding to the continent's infectious diseases burden as experts are predicting that it will be here for a long time. One of the consequences of these infectious diseases is that antiviral and antibiotic compounds have become some of the most consumed pharmaceuticals on the continent. Many of these drugs have been frequently detected in surface waters across Africa. There is limited information available on the adverse effects of the mixtures of different types of pharmaceuticals in African aquatic environments on fish reproduction. The present study investigated the effects of the ARV drug nevirapine (NVP - 1.48 and 3.74 μg/L) and its mixture with the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (3.68 μg/L) and trimethoprim (0.87 μg/L) on O. mossambicus gonads using histopathological endpoints as biomarkers. The fish (n = 52) were exposed for 30 days in a static renewal system. Female O. mossambicus exposed to nevirapine (3.74 μg/L) and to NVP - antibiotic mixture recorded higher ovary indices. Statistically significant differences were found in female ovary indices between the fish exposed to NVP (3.74 μg/L) and the control fish (p = 0.002) as well as between the fish exposed to the NVP - antibiotic mixture and the control fish (p = 0.009). The main observed histopathological changes in the ovaries were increased vitellogenic oocyte atresia and vacuolation of the interstitial tissue in the fish exposed to NVP - antibiotic mixture. It is evident that the presence of NVP - antibiotics mixture in water triggered the observed histopathology in female fish ovaries. The detected abnormal high rate of atretic oocytes could result in impaired fish reproduction.
人类免疫缺陷病毒和获得性免疫缺陷综合征（HIV/AIDS）感染的负担使非洲大陆成为抗逆转录病毒（ARV）药物的主要消费者。除了 HIV 负担外，非洲大陆还患有结核病（TB）高发，并且经常爆发几种其他病毒、细菌和寄生虫传染病。新型严重急性呼吸系统综合症冠状病毒 2（SARS-COV-2 或 COVID-19）大流行的爆发使非洲大陆的传染病负担更加沉重，因为专家预测它将在这里持续很长时间。这些传染病的后果之一是，抗病毒和抗生素化合物已成为非洲大陆消费最多的药物之一。这些药物中的许多在非洲地表水层中经常被检测到。关于非洲水生环境中不同类型药物混合物对鱼类繁殖的不良影响，可获得的信息有限。本研究使用组织病理学终点作为生物标志物，调查了 ARV 药物奈韦拉平（NVP-1.48 和 3.74μg/L）及其与抗生素磺胺甲恶唑（3.68μg/L）和甲氧苄啶（0.87μg/L）混合物对 O. mossambicus 性腺的影响。鱼（n=52）在静态更新系统中暴露 30 天。暴露于奈韦拉平（3.74μg/L）和 NVP-抗生素混合物的 O. mossambicus 雌鱼卵巢指数较高。暴露于 NVP（3.74μg/L）的鱼类与对照组鱼类（p=0.002）以及暴露于 NVP-抗生素混合物的鱼类与对照组鱼类（p=0.009）之间的雌性卵巢指数存在统计学显著差异。在暴露于 NVP-抗生素混合物的鱼类的卵巢中观察到的主要组织病理学变化是卵黄生成卵母细胞的退化增加和间质组织的空泡化。显然，水中 NVP-抗生素混合物的存在引发了雌性鱼类卵巢的观察到的组织病理学变化。检测到的退化卵母细胞异常高比率可能导致鱼类繁殖受损。
