Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Center for Aging Research, Regenstrief Institute, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Center for Health Innovation and Implementation Science, Indiana Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
Res Social Adm Pharm. 2021 Dec;17(12):2019-2027. doi: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2021.04.024. Epub 2021 May 2.
Human factors and ergonomics (HFE) is a scientific and practical human-centered discipline that studies and improves human performance in sociotechnical systems. HFE in pharmacy promotes the human-centered design of systems to support individuals and teams performing medication-related work.
To review select HFE methods well suited to address pharmacy challenges, with examples of their application in pharmacy.
We define the scope of HFE methods in pharmacy as applications to pharmacy settings, such as inpatient or community pharmacies, as well as medication-related phenomena such as medication safety, adherence, or deprescribing. We identify and present seven categories of HFE methods suited to widespread use for pharmacy research and clinical practice.
Categories of HFE methods applicable to pharmacy include work system analysis; task analysis; workload assessment; medication safety and error analysis; user-centered and participatory design; usability evaluation; and physical ergonomics. HFE methods are used in three broad phases of human-centered design and evaluation: study; design; and evaluation. The most robust applications of HFE methods involve the combination of HFE methods across all three phases. Two cases illustrate such a comprehensive application of HFE: one case of medication package, label, and information design and a second case of human-centered design of a digital decision aid for medication safety.
Pharmacy, including the places where pharmacy professionals work and the multistep process of medication use across people and settings, can benefit from HFE. This is because pharmacy is a human-centered sociotechnical system with an existing tradition of studying and analyzing the present state, designing solutions to problems, and evaluating those solutions in laboratory or practice settings. We conclude by addressing common concerns about the implementation of HFE methods and urge the adoption of HFE methods in pharmacy.
人因工程（HFE）是一门科学实用的以人为中心的学科，研究和提高人在人-机-环境系统中的绩效。药学中的 HFE 促进了以人为本的系统设计，以支持从事与药物相关工作的个人和团队。
回顾一些特别适合解决药学挑战的 HFE 方法，并举例说明它们在药学中的应用。
我们将药学中的 HFE 方法定义为应用于药学环境，如住院或社区药房，以及与药物相关的现象，如药物安全、依从性或药物停用。我们确定并介绍了适用于广泛用于药学研究和临床实践的七类 HFE 方法。
适用于药学的 HFE 方法类别包括工作系统分析、任务分析、工作量评估、药物安全和错误分析、以用户为中心和参与式设计、可用性评估和物理人体工程学。HFE 方法在以人为中心的设计和评估的三个广泛阶段中使用：研究、设计和评估。HFE 方法最有力的应用涉及在所有三个阶段中结合使用 HFE 方法。两个案例说明了这种全面应用 HFE 的情况：一个是药物包装、标签和信息设计的案例，另一个是药物安全的以人为中心的数字决策辅助工具的设计案例。
药学，包括药学专业人员工作的场所以及跨人和环境的药物使用的多步骤过程，都可以从 HFE 中受益。这是因为药学是一个以人为中心的人-机-环境系统，具有研究和分析现状、设计问题解决方案以及在实验室或实践环境中评估这些解决方案的传统。最后我们讨论了实施 HFE 方法的常见问题，并敦促在药学中采用 HFE 方法。
