Department of Zoology, Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Government Arts College, Yanam, Puducherry, 533464, India.
Pesticide Toxicology and Soil Microbial Ecology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
Environ Res. 2021 Aug;199:111316. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111316. Epub 2021 May 11.
The use of pesticides to increase crop production has become one of the inevitable components of modern agriculture. Fipronil, a phenylpyrazoles insecticide, is one of the most widely used, systemic, broad-spectrum insecticides. Owing to its unique mode of action and selective toxicity, it was once regarded as safer alternatives to more toxic and persistent organochlorine insecticides. However, with the increased use, many studies have reported the toxicity of fipronil and its metabolites in various non-target organisms during the last two decades. Currently, it is regarded as one of the most persistent and lipophilic insecticides in the market. In the environment, fipronil can undergo oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, or photolysis to form fipronil sulfone, fipronil sulfide, fipronil amide, or fipronil desulfinyl respectively. These metabolites except fipronil amide are more or less toxic and persistent than fipronil and have been reported from diverse environmental samples. Recently many studies have focused on the degradation and removal of fipronil residues from the environment. However, a comprehensive review summarizing and combining these recent findings is lacking. In the present review, we evaluate, summarize, and combine important findings from recent degradation studies of fipronil and its metabolites. An attempt has been made to elucidate the possible mechanism and pathways of degradation of fipronil and its toxic metabolites.
使用杀虫剂来提高作物产量已成为现代农业不可避免的组成部分之一。 氟虫腈是一种苯吡唑类杀虫剂，是应用最广泛、具有内吸性和广谱性的杀虫剂之一。 由于其独特的作用方式和选择性毒性，它曾被视为更有毒和更持久的有机氯杀虫剂的更安全替代品。 然而，随着使用量的增加，在过去的二十年中，许多研究报告了氟虫腈及其代谢物在各种非靶标生物中的毒性。 目前，它被认为是市场上最持久和脂溶性的杀虫剂之一。 在环境中，氟虫腈可以通过氧化、还原、水解或光解分别形成氟虫腈砜、氟虫腈亚砜、氟虫腈酰胺或氟虫腈去砜基。 这些代谢物除了氟虫腈酰胺或多或少都比氟虫腈更有毒和持久，并已从各种环境样本中得到报道。 最近许多研究都集中在从环境中降解和去除氟虫腈残留上。 然而，缺乏对这些最近发现的综述和综合。 在本综述中，我们评估、总结和综合了氟虫腈及其代谢物降解的最新研究中的重要发现。 试图阐明氟虫腈及其有毒代谢物降解的可能机制和途径。
