Johnson Richard J, Wilson William L, Bland Sondra T, Lanaspa Miguel A
Division of Renal Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora CO 80045.
New England Inpatient Specialists, North Andover, MA 01845.
Evol Hum Behav. 2021 May;42(3):194-203. doi: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2020.09.006. Epub 2020 Oct 1.
Several behavioral disorders, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), bipolar disorder, and aggressive behaviors are linked with sugar intake and obesity. The reason(s) for this association has been unclear. Here we present a hypothesis supporting a role for fructose, a component of sugar and high fructose corn syrup (HFCS), and uric acid (a fructose metabolite), in increasing the risk for these behavioral disorders. Recent studies have shown that the reason fructose intake is strongly associated with development of metabolic syndrome is that fructose intake activates an evolutionary-based survival pathway that stimulates foraging behavior and the storage of energy as fat. While modest intake may aid animals that would like to store fat as a protective response from food shortage or starvation, we propose that high intake of sugar and HFCS causes a hyperactive foraging response that stimulates craving, impulsivity, risk taking and aggression that increases the risk for ADHD, bipolar disease and aggressive behavior. High glycemic carbohydrates and salty foods may also contribute as they can be converted to fructose in the body. Some studies suggest uric acid produced during fructose metabolism may mediate some of these effects. Chronic stimulation of the pathway could lead to desensitization of hedonic responses and induce depression. In conclusion, a hyperactive foraging response driven by high glycemic carbohydrates and sugars may contribute to affective disorders.
包括注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）、双相情感障碍和攻击性行为在内的几种行为障碍与糖摄入及肥胖有关。这种关联的原因尚不清楚。在此，我们提出一种假说，认为糖和高果糖玉米糖浆（HFCS）的成分之一果糖以及尿酸（一种果糖代谢产物）在增加这些行为障碍的风险中起作用。最近的研究表明，果糖摄入与代谢综合征的发展密切相关的原因是，果糖摄入激活了一种基于进化的生存途径，该途径刺激觅食行为并将能量储存为脂肪。适度摄入可能有助于那些希望储存脂肪以应对食物短缺或饥饿的动物，但我们认为，高糖和HFCS摄入会导致过度活跃的觅食反应，从而刺激渴望、冲动、冒险和攻击行为，增加患ADHD、双相情感障碍和攻击性行为的风险。高血糖碳水化合物和咸味食物也可能有影响，因为它们可以在体内转化为果糖。一些研究表明，果糖代谢过程中产生的尿酸可能介导了其中一些影响。该途径的长期刺激可能导致享乐反应脱敏并诱发抑郁。总之，高血糖碳水化合物和糖驱动的过度活跃的觅食反应可能导致情感障碍。
