Mercurio Laura, Albanesi Cristina, Madonna Stefania
Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
Front Med (Lausanne). 2021 Apr 30;8:665647. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.665647. eCollection 2021.
PhosphoInositide-3 Kinase (PI3K) represents a family of different classes of kinases which control multiple biological processes in mammalian cells, such as cell growth, proliferation, and survival. Class IA PI3Ks, the main regulators of proliferative signals, consists of a catalytic subunit (α, β, δ) that binds p85 regulatory subunit and mediates activation of AKT and mammalian Target Of Rapamycin (mTOR) pathways and regulation of downstream effectors. Dysregulation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in skin contributes to several pathological conditions characterized by uncontrolled proliferation, including skin cancers, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis (AD). Among cutaneous cancers, basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) display PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling hyperactivation, implicated in hyperproliferation, and tumorigenesis, as well as in resistance to apoptosis. Upregulation of mTOR signaling proteins has also been reported in psoriasis, in association with enhanced proliferation, defective keratinocyte differentiation, senescence-like growth arrest, and resistance to apoptosis, accounting for major parts of the overall disease phenotypes. On the contrary, PI3K/AKT/mTOR role in AD is less characterized, even though recent evidence demonstrates the relevant function for mTOR pathway in the regulation of epidermal barrier formation and stratification. In this review, we provide the most recent updates on the role and function of PI3K/AKT/mTOR molecular axis in the pathogenesis of different hyperproliferative skin disorders, and highlights on the current status of preclinical and clinical studies on PI3K-targeted therapies.
磷酸肌醇-3激酶(PI3K)是一类不同的激酶家族,其控制哺乳动物细胞中的多种生物学过程,如细胞生长、增殖和存活。IA类PI3K是增殖信号的主要调节因子,由一个催化亚基(α、β、δ)组成,该催化亚基与p85调节亚基结合,介导AKT和哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)信号通路的激活以及下游效应物的调节。皮肤中PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路的失调会导致几种以不受控制的增殖为特征的病理状况,包括皮肤癌、银屑病和特应性皮炎(AD)。在皮肤癌中,基底细胞癌(BCC)和皮肤鳞状细胞癌(cSCC)表现出PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号过度激活,这与过度增殖、肿瘤发生以及对凋亡的抵抗有关。在银屑病中也报道了mTOR信号蛋白的上调,这与增殖增强、角质形成细胞分化缺陷、衰老样生长停滞以及对凋亡的抵抗有关,这些因素构成了整体疾病表型的主要部分。相反,PI3K/AKT/mTOR在AD中的作用尚未得到充分研究,尽管最近的证据表明mTOR信号通路在调节表皮屏障形成和分层方面具有重要作用。在这篇综述中,我们提供了关于PI3K/AKT/mTOR分子轴在不同过度增殖性皮肤疾病发病机制中的作用和功能的最新进展,并重点介绍了PI3K靶向治疗的临床前和临床研究现状。