Naseem Sadia, Willits Neil, King Annie J
Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
Department of Statistics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
Transl Anim Sci. 2021 Feb 18;5(2):txab018. doi: 10.1093/tas/txab018. eCollection 2021 Apr.
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of various combinations of species (. , and ) on closely associated variables of production of laying hens, nitrogenous compounds in manure, the serum concentration of specific chemicals, and liver uric acid (UA) concentrations at peak lay. White Leghorns W-36 (32-week-old) were randomly assigned to five treatments for 8 weeks. Treatments were T1, the Control, a commercial feed; T2, the Control + + ; T3, the Control + + ; T4, the Control + + and T5, the Control + + + Each bacterial species was included at 3.33 × 10cfu/kg feed for a total of 6.66 x 10 cfu/kg feed for T2-T4 and a total of 1.0 × 10 cfu/kg feed for T5. Major effects among combinations of probiotics on production were not noted. The interaction of Probiotics by Week (Probiotics*Time) affected feed intake ( = 0.0007) and feed conversion ratio (FCR, = 0.0049) due to fluctuation by week. Significant effects of time were also recorded for a gradual increase in body weight (BW, = 0.0007); lowest and greatest feed intake at weeks 2 and 7, respectively ( < 0.0001); an increase in egg production ( = 0.0007) and maximum FCR at week 7 ( < 0.0001). Ammonia (NH) concentration, ammonium nitrogen (NH-N), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), and total nitrogen remained unaffected at < 0.05. Although there were fluctuations, a trend emerged for the reduction of TKN. Combinations of probiotics did not affect NH, UA, total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), creatine kinase (CK), and UA in the liver. Temporal (Time as a fixed effect) effects were noted for all nitrogenous compounds present in manure. For ammonia, temporal effects were significant due to fluctuation over time. Week 0 had the lowest value followed by weeks 4 and 8. Week 6 had the greatest value. For ammonium nitrogen, week 8 had the lowest value followed by week 0 and 4 with the next highest value. Week 6 had the greatest value. For TKN, week 4 had the lowest value followed by weeks 6 and 8. Week 0 had the greatest value. For TN, weeks 4, 6, and 8 had similar and lowest values followed by week 0 having the greatest value. However, an overall reduction in NH-N, TKN, and TN was noted. Fluctuations in NH ( = 0.0033) and CK ( = 0.0085) were noted for Time. There was also a trend ( = 0.0706) for the increase of UA in serum. Two or more species of probiotics with yeast should be investigated. If the combination is applicable for increasing production measurements and reducing nitrogenous and serum compounds, the most appropriate time to feed the probiotics from day 1 to the end of production should be investigated.
本研究旨在评估不同物种组合(如[具体物种1]、[具体物种2]和[具体物种3])对产蛋母鸡生产相关变量、粪便中含氮化合物、特定化学物质的血清浓度以及产蛋高峰期肝脏尿酸(UA)浓度的影响。将白来航W - 36(32周龄)随机分为五组,进行为期8周的试验。处理组分别为T1(对照组,使用商业饲料);T2(对照组 + [具体物种1] + [具体物种2]);T3(对照组 + [具体物种1] + [具体物种3]);T4(对照组 + [具体物种2] + [具体物种3]);T5(对照组 + [具体物种1] + [具体物种2] + [具体物种3])。每种细菌物种在饲料中的添加量为3.33×10⁶ cfu/kg,T2 - T4中三种细菌物种的总添加量为6.66×10⁶ cfu/kg,T5中三种细菌物种的总添加量为1.0×10⁷ cfu/kg。未观察到益生菌组合对生产的主要影响。益生菌与周龄的交互作用(益生菌*时间)影响采食量(P = 0.0007)和饲料转化率(FCR,P = 0.0049),这是由于每周的波动所致。还记录到时间对体重逐渐增加有显著影响(P = 0.0007);第2周和第7周分别为最低和最高采食量(P < 0.0001);产蛋量增加(P = 0.0007)以及第7周FCR达到最大值(P < 0.0001)。氨(NH₃)浓度、铵态氮(NH₄⁺ - N)、凯氏定氮法总氮(TKN)和总氮在P < 0.05时未受影响。尽管存在波动,但TKN呈现出下降趋势。益生菌组合对肝脏中的NH₃、UA、总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、肌酸激酶(CK)和UA没有影响。观察到粪便中所有含氮化合物存在时间效应(将时间作为固定效应)。对于氨,由于随时间波动,时间效应显著。第0周的值最低,其次是第4周和第8周。第6周的值最高。对于铵态氮,第8周的值最低,其次是第0周和第4周,第6周的值最高。对于TKN,第4周的值最低,其次是第6周和第8周。第0周的值最高。对于总氮(TN),第4周、第6周和第8周的值相似且最低,第0周的值最高。然而,总体上NH₄⁺ - N、TKN和TN有所降低。观察到时间对NH₃(P = 0.0033)和CK(P = 0.0085)有波动影响。血清中UA也有升高趋势(P = 0.0706)。应研究两种或更多种益生菌与酵母的组合。如果该组合适用于提高生产指标并降低含氮化合物和血清化合物,应研究从第1天到生产结束全程投喂益生菌的最合适时间。