Researcher, National Institute of Korean History.
Uisahak. 2021 Apr;30(1):1-34. doi: 10.13081/kjmh.2021.30.1.
This study focused its investigation on esoteric Buddhist treatment methods during Goryeo. In Goryeo, they published dharani scriptures related to illness. Beomseo-chongji-jip, a collection of dharanis, contains few dharanis for treatment. The publication of a dharani scripture was a precondition of dharani-based Buddhist prayers. There had been cases of treating illness through Buddhist prayers based on a dharani since ancient times, and Hyetong of Samgukyusa is a good example. The religious sect of esoteric Buddhism that inherited the line of Hyetong in Goryeo was Chongji-jong, which seems to have been partially responsible for royal medicine and engaged in relief activities for people to end an infectious disease. During the period of Yuan's interventions, Yeom Seung-ik became a favorite of the king for his ability of treating illness through his spells. He was not a Buddhist monk, and his case reflects the wide spread of disease-treating spells among common people those days. The establishment of a ritual was one of the traditional therapies. In Goryeo, various esoteric Buddhist rituals were held for therapeutic purposes. Marijicheon-doryang, Gongjakwang-doryang, and Buljeongsim-doryang were established to expel infectious diseases, and Sojae-doryang and Boseong-doryang were established to treat the illness of kings and queens. They were intended to treat illness by eliminating the causes of epidemics and diseases by the virtue of dharanis. Esoteric Buddhist therapies containing Taoist elements were also developed. The utilization of Eight-Gate Transformation and talismans are the exampels. In early Joseon, Buddhist monks of Chongji-jong were said to have contributed to the treatment of diseases by using Eight-Gate Transformation. They were used to predict a good direction for the treatment of a patient. This practice of Chongji-jong Buddhist monks in early Joseon seems to have inherited the heritage of Goryeo, which suggests that Eight-Gate Transformation was one of the therapies practiced by esoteric Buddhist monks in Goryeo. Talismans are commonly known to be used in Taoism and shamanism, but Buddhist scriptures, especially esoteric Buddhist scriptures, contain a variety of talismans. Buljeongsim-darani-gyeong has talismans on its last page and records that one can treat his or her illness by burning the talisman and taking its ash. This therapy proposed by this scripture seems to have enjoyed considerable popularity in Goryeo, when its simplified versions comprised only of dharani phrases and talismans were made. These various esoteric Buddhist therapies demonstrate that human beings made utmost efforts to overcome their personal and social crises. Therapies are a total reflection of a society's contemporary politics, religion, ideas, and culture. Esoteric Buddhist therapies may seem like superstitions in the eyes of modern people, but they must have been reliable treatment methods whose efficacy was guaranteed within the thinking system of people during Goryeo.
本研究聚焦于高丽时期的密教治疗方法。高丽时期，人们出版了与疾病相关的陀罗尼经。《宝誌总持集》是一部陀罗尼经集，其中收录的治疗陀罗尼经较少。出版陀罗尼经是基于陀罗尼进行佛教祈祷的前提。自古以来，就有通过基于陀罗尼的佛教祈祷来治疗疾病的案例，《三国遗事》中的慧通就是一个很好的例子。高丽时期，继承慧通密教流派的是冲寂宗，该教派似乎部分负责王室医学，并开展为民众治疗传染病的救济活动。元介入时期，验尸官（音译：Yeom Seung-ik）因具有治病的咒术能力而受到国王的青睐。他并非佛教僧侣，但他的例子反映了当时民间广泛流传着治病咒术。建立仪式是传统疗法之一。高丽时期，为了治疗疾病，举行了各种密教仪式。麻里枳城道场、恭觉王道场和佛顶心印道场是为了驱除传染病而设立的，而扫洒道场和补修道场则是为了治疗国王和王后的疾病而设立的。这些仪式旨在通过陀罗尼的力量消除传染病和疾病的根源。还发展了包含道教元素的密教疗法。八门转运和符咒就是其中的例子。在早期朝鲜，冲寂宗的僧侣据说曾通过使用八门转运来治疗疾病。他们利用它来预测治疗患者的良好方向。早期朝鲜冲寂宗僧侣的这种做法似乎继承了高丽的遗产，这表明八门转运是高丽密教僧侣所采用的疗法之一。符咒通常被认为是道教和萨满教所用，但佛教经典，尤其是密教经典，包含了各种符咒。《佛顶心印陀罗尼经》的最后一页有符咒，并记载说人们可以通过焚烧符咒并服用其灰烬来治疗疾病。这部经书中提出的这种疗法在高丽似乎很受欢迎，当时还制作了简化版，其中只包含陀罗尼经和符咒。这些各种密教疗法表明，人类竭尽全力克服个人和社会危机。疗法是一个社会当代政治、宗教、思想和文化的全面反映。在现代人看来，密教疗法可能像是迷信，但它们一定是在高丽时期人们的思维体系内被认为是可靠的治疗方法，其疗效是有保证的。
