Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA; email:
Immunology Program, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
Annu Rev Virol. 2021 Sep 29;8(1):415-435. doi: 10.1146/annurev-virology-091919-074551. Epub 2021 May 20.
Bacteriophages-viruses that infect bacteria-are abundant within our bodies, but their significance to human health is only beginning to be explored. Here, we synthesize what is currently known about our phageome and its interactions with the immune system. We first review how phages indirectly affect immunity via bacterial expression of phage-encoded proteins. We next review how phages directly influence innate immunity and bacterial clearance. Finally, we discuss adaptive immunity against phages and its implications for phage/bacterial interactions. In light of these data, we propose that our microbiome can be understood as an interconnected network of bacteria, bacteriophages, and human cells and that the stability of these tri-kingdom interactions may be important for maintaining our immunologic and metabolic health. Conversely, the disruption of this balance, through exposure to exogenous phages, microbial dysbiosis, or immune dysregulation, may contribute to disease.
噬菌体——感染细菌的病毒——在我们体内大量存在，但它们对人类健康的意义才刚刚开始被探索。在这里，我们综合了目前已知的关于我们的噬菌体组及其与免疫系统相互作用的信息。我们首先回顾了噬菌体如何通过细菌表达噬菌体编码的蛋白质间接地影响免疫。接下来，我们回顾了噬菌体如何直接影响先天免疫和细菌清除。最后，我们讨论了针对噬菌体的适应性免疫及其对噬菌体/细菌相互作用的影响。有鉴于此，我们提出，我们的微生物组可以被理解为一个由细菌、噬菌体和人类细胞相互连接的网络，而这三个王国相互作用的稳定性对于维持我们的免疫和代谢健康可能很重要。相反，通过接触外源性噬菌体、微生物失调或免疫失调打破这种平衡，可能会导致疾病。
