Niveau Gérard, Jantzi Camille, Godet Tony
University Center of Legal Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
Front Psychiatry. 2021 May 4;12:656791. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.656791. eCollection 2021.
In the field of mental health, the fundamental right to liberty is a point of tension between the practice of psychiatric commitment on the one hand and the universal concept of human rights on the other. The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) is a very specific means of safeguarding human rights because it allows an individual to not only assert their rights but also compel a state to bring its legislation into conformity with the principles of the European Convention on Human Rights. The aim of this study was to gather the case-law of the ECtHR on psychiatric commitment over the last 60 years and to determine how this case-law has affected national legislation and therefore psychiatric practice. Jurisprudence data were collected from the HUDOC ECtHR database, and the direct effects of the ECtHR judgements on the legislations of the countries concerned were collected from the HUDOC EXEC database of the Council of Europe. The case-law of the Court included 118 judgements and 56 decisions and concerned 31 of the 45 countries that have ratified the Convention. This study therefore showed a direct effect of the Court's case-law on the legislation on psychiatric commitment in the various countries that have ratified the Convention. It was also possible to detect an indirect effect of this case-law through the directives of international institutions such as the directives of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe concerning respect for people with mental disorders. The ECtHR case-law therefore has a major influence on the psychiatric practice in all Council of Europe countries.
在心理健康领域，自由这一基本权利是精神科强制收治实践与普遍人权概念之间的一个矛盾点。欧洲人权法院是保障人权的一种非常特殊的手段，因为它不仅允许个人主张自己的权利，还能迫使一个国家使其立法符合《欧洲人权公约》的原则。本研究的目的是收集欧洲人权法院过去60年里关于精神科强制收治的判例法，并确定该判例法如何影响国家立法，进而影响精神科实践。判例法数据从欧洲人权法院的HUDOC数据库收集，欧洲人权法院判决对相关国家立法的直接影响从欧洲委员会的HUDOC EXEC数据库收集。该法院的判例法包括118项判决和56项裁定，涉及已批准该公约的45个国家中的31个。因此，本研究表明该法院的判例法对已批准该公约的各国精神科强制收治立法有直接影响。通过国际机构的指令，如欧洲委员会部长委员会关于尊重精神障碍者的指令，也有可能发现该判例法的间接影响。因此，欧洲人权法院的判例法对所有欧洲委员会国家的精神科实践有重大影响。
