Department of Environmental Studies, Satyawati College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110052, India.
Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, P.O Box 2440, Saudi Arabia.
Semin Cancer Biol. 2022 Nov;86(Pt 3):885-898. doi: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.05.017. Epub 2021 May 18.
Cancer is known as one of the leading causes of morbidity and fatality, currently faced by our society. The prevalence of cancer related dieses is rapidly increasing around the world. To reduce the mortality rates, early diagnosis and subsequent treatment of cancer in timely manner is quite essential. Advancements have been made to achieve effective theranostics strategies to tackle cancerous dieses, yet very challenging to overcome this issue. Recently, advances made in the field of nanotechnology have shown tremendous potential for cancer theranostics. Different types of nanomaterials have been successfully employed to develop sophisticated diagnosis and therapy techniques. In this context, graphene and its derivatives e.g. graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) have been investigated as promising candidates to design graphene-based nanosystems for the diagnosis and therapeutic purpose. Further, to synthesize graphene and its derivatives different types of physicochemical methods are being adopted. However, each method has its own advantage and disadvantages. In this reference, among diverse biological methods, microbial technique can be one of the most promising and eco-friendly approach for the preparation of graphene and its derivatives, particularly GO and RGO. In this review, we summarize studies performed on the preparation of graphene and its derivatives following microbial routes meanwhile focus has been made on the preparation method and the possible mechanism involved therein. Thereafter, we have discussed applications of graphene and its derivatives to developed advanced nanosystem that can be imperative for the cancer theranostics. Results of recent studies exploring applications graphene based nanosystem for the preparation of different types of biosensors for early diagnosis; advanced therapeutic approaches by designing drug delivery nanosystems along with multifunctionality (e.g cancer imaging, drug delivery, photodynamic and photo thermal therapy) in cancer theranostics have been discussed. Particularly, emphasis has been given on the preparation techniques of graphene based nanosystems, being employed in designing of biosensing platforms, drug delivery and multifunctional nanosystems. Moreover, issues have been discussed on the preparation of graphene and its derivatives following microbial technique and the implementation of graphene based nanosystems in cancer theranostics.
癌症是目前社会面临的主要发病率和死亡率原因之一。全球范围内与癌症相关的疾病患病率正在迅速上升。为了降低死亡率，及时进行癌症的早期诊断和后续治疗至关重要。为了应对癌症疾病，已经取得了进展，以实现有效的治疗策略，但克服这个问题仍然极具挑战性。最近，纳米技术领域的进展显示出在癌症治疗学方面有巨大的潜力。已经成功地使用不同类型的纳米材料来开发复杂的诊断和治疗技术。在这种情况下，石墨烯及其衍生物，例如氧化石墨烯（GO）和还原氧化石墨烯（RGO）已被研究为设计基于石墨烯的纳米系统用于诊断和治疗目的的有前途的候选物。此外，为了合成石墨烯及其衍生物，采用了不同类型的物理化学方法。然而，每种方法都有其自身的优势和劣势。在这篇综述中，在各种生物方法中，微生物技术可以是制备石墨烯及其衍生物，特别是 GO 和 RGO 的最有前途和环保的方法之一。在这篇综述中，我们总结了微生物途径制备石墨烯及其衍生物的研究，同时重点介绍了制备方法及其可能涉及的机制。此后，我们讨论了石墨烯及其衍生物在开发先进纳米系统中的应用，这些纳米系统对于癌症治疗学至关重要。探索了基于石墨烯的纳米系统在制备用于早期诊断的不同类型生物传感器方面的应用的最新研究结果；通过设计药物输送纳米系统以及多功能性（例如癌症成像、药物输送、光动力和光热治疗）在癌症治疗学中的应用，讨论了先进的治疗方法。特别强调了用于生物传感平台、药物输送和多功能纳米系统设计的基于石墨烯的纳米系统的制备技术。此外，还讨论了微生物技术制备石墨烯及其衍生物的问题，以及基于石墨烯的纳米系统在癌症治疗学中的应用。
