School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417935840, Iran.
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA.
Biosensors (Basel). 2022 Apr 24;12(5):269. doi: 10.3390/bios12050269.
Cancer is one of the deadliest diseases worldwide, and there is a critical need for diagnostic platforms for applications in early cancer detection. The diagnosis of cancer can be made by identifying abnormal cell characteristics such as functional changes, a number of vital proteins in the body, abnormal genetic mutations and structural changes, and so on. Identifying biomarker candidates such as DNA, RNA, mRNA, aptamers, metabolomic biomolecules, enzymes, and proteins is one of the most important challenges. In order to eliminate such challenges, emerging biomarkers can be identified by designing a suitable biosensor. One of the most powerful technologies in development is biosensor technology based on nanostructures. Recently, graphene and its derivatives have been used for diverse diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Graphene-based biosensors have exhibited significant performance with excellent sensitivity, selectivity, stability, and a wide detection range. In this review, the principle of technology, advances, and challenges in graphene-based biosensors such as field-effect transistors (FET), fluorescence sensors, SPR biosensors, and electrochemical biosensors to detect different cancer cells is systematically discussed. Additionally, we provide an outlook on the properties, applications, and challenges of graphene and its derivatives, such as Graphene Oxide (GO), Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO), and Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDs), in early cancer detection by nanobiosensors.
癌症是全球最致命的疾病之一，因此迫切需要诊断平台来应用于早期癌症检测。癌症的诊断可以通过识别异常细胞特征来实现，例如功能变化、体内大量重要蛋白质、异常基因突 变和结构变化等。鉴定生物标志物候选物，如 DNA、RNA、mRNA、适体、代谢组学生物分子、酶和蛋白质，是最重要的挑战之一。为了消除这些挑战，可以通过设计合适的生物传感器来识别新兴生物标志物。基于纳米结构的生物传感器技术是最有前途的技术之一。最近，石墨烯及其衍生物已被用于各种诊断和治疗方法。基于石墨烯的生物传感器表现出了优异的性能，具有出色的灵敏度、选择性、稳定性和较宽的检测范围。在本综述中，我们系统地讨论了基于石墨烯的生物传感器（如场效应晶体管 (FET)、荧光传感器、SPR 生物传感器和电化学生物传感器）在检测不同癌细胞方面的技术原理、进展和挑战。此外，我们还提供了关于石墨烯及其衍生物（如氧化石墨烯 (GO)、还原氧化石墨烯 (RGO) 和石墨烯量子点 (GQDs)）在纳米生物传感器早期癌症检测中的性质、应用和挑战的展望。
