Department of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
Department of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
Adv Parasitol. 2021;112:77-132. doi: 10.1016/bs.apar.2021.03.001. Epub 2021 Apr 29.
Defence mechanisms of fish can be divided into specific and non-specific that act in concert and are often interdependent. Most fish in both wild and cultured populations are vulnerable to metazoan parasites. Endoparasitic helminths include several species of digeneans, cestodes, nematodes, and acanthocephalans. Although they may occur in large numbers, helminth infections rarely result in fish mortality. Conversely, some ectoparasites cause mass mortality in farmed fish. Given the importance of fish innate immunity, this review addresses non-specific defence mechanisms of fish against metazoan parasites, with emphasis on granulocyte responses involving mast cells, neutrophils, macrophages, rodlet cells, and mucous cells. Metazoan parasites are important disease agents that affect wild and farmed fish and can induce high economic loss and, as pathogen organisms, deserve considerable attention. The paper will provide our light and transmission electron microscopy data on metazoan parasites-fish innate immune and neuroendocrine systems. Insights about the structure and functions of the cell types listed above and a brief account of the effects and harms of each metazoan taxon to specific fish apparati/organs will be presented.
鱼类的防御机制可以分为特异性和非特异性，它们协同作用，通常相互依赖。无论是在野生种群还是养殖种群中，大多数鱼类都容易受到后生动物寄生虫的侵害。内寄生虫包括几种吸虫、绦虫、线虫和棘头虫。尽管它们的数量可能很多，但寄生虫感染很少导致鱼类死亡。相反，一些外寄生虫会导致养殖鱼类大量死亡。鉴于鱼类先天免疫的重要性，本综述介绍了鱼类针对后生动物寄生虫的非特异性防御机制，重点介绍了涉及肥大细胞、中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞、棒状细胞和黏液细胞的粒细胞反应。后生动物寄生虫是影响野生和养殖鱼类的重要疾病因子，会导致巨大的经济损失，而且作为病原体，它们值得我们给予相当的关注。本文将提供我们关于后生动物寄生虫-鱼类先天免疫和神经内分泌系统的光镜和透射电镜数据。将介绍上述细胞类型的结构和功能，并简要说明每个后生动物类群对特定鱼类器官/器官的影响和危害。
