Kansman Kyle J, Sadar Miranda J, Daniels Joshua B, Klaphake Eric, de Linde Henriksen Michala
James L. Voss Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
SeaWorld San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.
Vet Ophthalmol. 2025 Jan;28(1):9-20. doi: 10.1111/vop.13216. Epub 2024 Apr 4.
The aim of this study was to document ophthalmic examination findings and provide reference values for ocular examinations and diagnostics in clinically normal Western tiger salamanders (Ambystoma mavortium) and to evaluate the mydriatic effect of a topical rocuronium bromide and identify any adverse effects.
Sixteen Western tiger salamanders.
A complete ophthalmic examination, including intraocular pressure via rebound tonometry [iCare® TonoVet (dog-setting) or iCare® TonoVet Plus (dog-setting)], and fluorescein and Rose Bengal stains, was performed. Ocular surface flora culture swabs were collected for microbiology in four salamanders. Rocuronium bromide (50 μL; 0.01 mg) was administered into each eye in three salamanders. Pupil size and constriction ability were evaluated up to 60 min following administration of rocuronium bromide. Distant visual examination and Doppler heart rate were used to monitor for potential adverse effects of rocuronium bromide.
Observed ocular abnormalities included lipid keratopathy/keratitis (19%; 3/16), parasitic ophthalmitis (19%; 3/16), and cataracts (6.3%; 1/16). A significant difference was found between tonometry with iCare® TonoVet (11.5 ± 2.7 mmHg) versus TonoVet Plus (15.4 ± 3.7 mmHg) (p = .025). Fluorescein and Rose Bengal stains were negative in all salamanders. Ocular surface microbiology revealed a high incidence of contamination from environmental flora, with the most common isolate being unidentified as Gram-negative nonfermenters (75%; 3/4). No significant change in pupil size or constriction ability was observed with rocuronium bromide.
This is the first study to document ocular examination findings and diagnostics in captive and wild urodeles and may serve as a reference for clinical assessment and future studies of the Western tiger salamander.
本研究旨在记录临床正常的西部虎螈（Ambystoma mavortium）的眼科检查结果，为其眼部检查和诊断提供参考值，并评估局部应用罗库溴铵的散瞳效果及确定任何不良反应。
16只西部虎螈。
进行了全面的眼科检查，包括使用回弹式眼压计（iCare® TonoVet（犬用设置）或iCare® TonoVet Plus（犬用设置））测量眼压，以及荧光素和孟加拉玫瑰红染色。对4只螈收集眼表菌群培养拭子进行微生物学检测。对3只螈的每只眼睛给予罗库溴铵（50μL；0.01mg）。在给予罗库溴铵后长达60分钟评估瞳孔大小和收缩能力。使用远距离视力检查和多普勒心率监测罗库溴铵的潜在不良反应。
观察到的眼部异常包括脂质角膜病变/角膜炎（19%；3/16）、寄生虫性眼炎（19%；3/16）和白内障（6.3%；1/16）。使用iCare® TonoVet测量的眼压（11.5±2.7mmHg）与TonoVet Plus测量的眼压（15.4±3.7mmHg）之间存在显著差异（p = 0.025）。所有螈的荧光素和孟加拉玫瑰红染色均为阴性。眼表微生物学显示环境菌群污染发生率高，最常见的分离菌为未鉴定的革兰氏阴性非发酵菌（75%；3/4）。罗库溴铵未观察到瞳孔大小或收缩能力的显著变化。
这是第一项记录圈养和野生有尾目动物眼部检查结果和诊断的研究，可为西部虎螈的临床评估和未来研究提供参考。
