Emde R N
University of Colorado Medical Center, Denver 80262.
Int J Psychoanal. 1988;69 ( Pt 1):23-42.
The problems of continuity and change posed by Freud's essay of fifty years ago are discussed in terms of the development of innate and motivational factors from infancy. Part I of this paper reviews interdisciplinary research and proposes some theoretical formulations. Research points to the centrality of the infant-caregiver relationship experience and of emotional availability for establishing both continuity and the potential for later adaptive change. Basic infant motivations are proposed that consist of activity, self-regulation, social fittedness and affective monitoring. These influences are strongly biologically-prepared, are necessary for development and persist throughout life. Other motivational structures are fuelled by the basic motives and develop in the specific context of the infant-caregiver relationship. These structures include those related to the affective core of self and early moral internalization. Moreover, by the age of three years, an executive sense of 'we' develops in a symbolic affectively-supported, autonomous form in some children.
本文依据从婴儿期开始的先天因素与动机因素的发展，探讨了弗洛伊德五十年前的论文所提出的连续性与变化问题。本文第一部分回顾了跨学科研究，并提出了一些理论构想。研究指出，婴儿与照料者关系体验以及情感可及性对于建立连续性和后期适应性变化的可能性至关重要。本文提出了婴儿的基本动机，包括活动、自我调节、社会适应性和情感监测。这些影响在很大程度上是由生物因素预先决定的，对发展是必要的，并贯穿一生。其他动机结构由基本动机推动，并在婴儿与照料者关系的特定背景下发展。这些结构包括与自我情感核心和早期道德内化相关的结构。此外，到三岁时，一些儿童会以一种象征性的、情感支持的、自主的形式发展出一种“我们”的执行意识。
