Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia.
Health, Education and Environment Faculty, Toi Ohomai Technical Institute Limited, Tauranga, New Zealand.
Nutr Diet. 2021 Jul;78(3):286-295. doi: 10.1111/1747-0080.12674. Epub 2021 May 27.
To develop and validate a questionnaire investigating endurance athletes' carbohydrate beliefs, knowledge, information sources, and other dietary and non-dietary practices related to exercise-associated gastrointestinal symptoms.
A questionnaire was developed by a review of relevant literature and sports-related questionnaires, and input from five experienced sports dietitians. Item construct and format was adapted and modified from a previous questionnaire. The modified questionnaire sought information on demographics, nutrition knowledge, beliefs, intended practices, information sources and exercise-associated gastrointestinal symptoms. A five-phase validity process was conducted to determine content, face and construct validity, item difficulty and internal reliability of the questionnaire. The Delphi technique was applied with experts over three anonymous rounds. Items were reviewed to determine whether to keep, modify, or delete, rate the relevance of each item using a content validity index (CVI), and provide comments. A content analysis was conducted on all comments after each round. Online interviews were conducted with a pilot group of endurance athletes (n = 15) to assess item difficulty and feasibility. Nutrition knowledge was compared between pilot group of athletes and experts to determine construct validity and internal consistency. A test-retest process was applied to a second pilot group (n = 8) to verify questionnaire reliability.
High CVI (≥.83) and agreement scores were obtained through the Delphi technique. High reliability (r = .942) and acceptable internal consistency (α = .53-.78) of the questionnaire were obtained.
The questionnaire was shown to be a valid and reliable tool that will be of use for clinicians and research purposes.
开发并验证一份调查耐力运动员碳水化合物信念、知识、信息来源以及与运动相关胃肠道症状相关的其他饮食和非饮食实践的问卷。
通过对相关文献和运动相关问卷的回顾，以及五位经验丰富的运动营养师的意见，制定了一份问卷。问卷的项目结构和格式改编自先前的一份问卷。修改后的问卷旨在获取人口统计学、营养知识、信念、意向实践、信息来源和运动相关胃肠道症状的信息。通过五个阶段的有效性过程来确定问卷的内容、表面和结构有效性、项目难度和内部一致性。采用德尔菲技术，专家们进行了三轮匿名投票。根据内容有效性指数（CVI）对每个项目的相关性进行评估，并对每个项目进行保留、修改或删除的审查，并提供意见。对每轮后的所有评论进行内容分析。对一组耐力运动员（n=15）进行在线访谈，以评估项目难度和可行性。对运动员试点小组和专家的营养知识进行比较，以确定结构有效性和内部一致性。对第二组试点小组（n=8）应用测试-重测过程，以验证问卷的可靠性。
通过德尔菲技术获得了高 CVI（≥.83）和一致评分。问卷具有较高的可靠性（r=.942）和可接受的内部一致性（α=.53-.78）。
该问卷被证明是一种有效且可靠的工具，将有助于临床医生和研究目的。
