Marian Wright Edelman Institute, San Francisco State University, USA.
Department of Health & Kinesiology, University of Utah, USA.
Hum Mov Sci. 2021 Aug;78:102818. doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2021.102818. Epub 2021 May 25.
Humans vary considerably in their ability to perform and learn new motor skills. In addition, they respond to different performance and practice conditions in varying ways. Historically, experimental psychologists have characterized these differences as 'experimental noise', yet for those who embrace differential psychology, the study of individual differences promises to deepen insights into the processes that mediate motor control and learning. In this paper, we highlight what we know about predicting motor learning based on individual difference characteristics and renew a call made by Lee Cronbach several decades ago to combine the methodologies used by experimental and differential psychologists to further our understanding of how to promote motor learning. The paper provides a brief historical overview of research on individual differences and motor learning followed by a systematic review of the last 20 years of research on this issue. The paper ends by highlighting some of the methodological challenges associated with conducting research on individual differences, as well as providing suggestions for future research. The study of individual differences has important implications for furthering our understanding of motor learning and when tailoring interventions for diverse learners at different stages of practice.
人类在执行和学习新运动技能的能力上存在很大差异。此外，他们对不同的表现和练习条件的反应也各不相同。历史上，实验心理学家将这些差异描述为“实验噪声”，然而，对于那些接受差异心理学的人来说，对个体差异的研究有望加深对中介运动控制和学习过程的理解。在本文中，我们强调了基于个体差异特征预测运动学习的知识，并重新呼吁几十年来 Lee Cronbach 提出的将实验和差异心理学家使用的方法结合起来，以进一步了解如何促进运动学习。本文简要回顾了个体差异与运动学习的研究，并对过去 20 年关于这一问题的研究进行了系统回顾。本文最后强调了在进行个体差异研究时所面临的一些方法学挑战，并为未来的研究提供了建议。个体差异的研究对进一步了解运动学习以及在实践的不同阶段为不同学习者定制干预措施具有重要意义。
