Southern Federal University, Bolshaya Sadovaya, 105/42, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation.
Federal Research Centre the Southern Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation.
Environ Geochem Health. 2022 Jan;44(1):83-98. doi: 10.1007/s10653-021-00975-2. Epub 2021 May 29.
The impact of inorganic pollutants in the zone of industrial wastewater settling tanks (South of Russia) was studied. The levels of Mn, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd were determined for Verbascum thapsus L., which are part of the mesophilic succession of wild plants in the studied technogenically polluted territory. The bioavailability of heavy metals (HM) for plants from transformed soils has been established. Anatomical and morphological features in the tissues of the plants affected by HM were analyzed using light-optical and electron microscopic methods. Contamination of the soil cover with Mn, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd has been established with maximum content of Zn. It was revealed that the HM content in the V. thapsus plants exceeded the maximum permissible levels (Russian state standard): Zn by 23, Pb by 2, Cr by 31 and Cd by 3 times. The lower level of HM content in the inflorescences of mullein plants in comparison with the root system, stems and leaves indicates the resistance of generative organs to technogenic pollution. In the root and leaves of the V. thapsus, the anatomical and ultrastructural observation were carried out using light-optical and transmission electron microscopy. Changes in the ultrastructure of plants under the influence of anthropogenic impact have been revealed. The most significant changes of the ultrastructure of the polluted plants were found in the cell organelles of leaves (mitochondria, plastids, peroxisomes, etc.) including spatial transformation of the thylakoid system of plastids during the metal accumulation by plants, which may determine the mechanism of plant adaptation to technogenic pollution.
研究了工业废水沉降池（俄罗斯南部）区域内无机污染物的影响。测定了南打瓜（Verbascum thapsus L.）中 Mn、Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd 的含量，南打瓜是受人为污染地区中嗜温野生植物演替的一部分。确定了转化土壤中重金属（HM）对植物的生物利用度。采用光学和电子显微镜方法分析了受 HM 影响的植物组织的解剖和形态特征。发现 Mn、Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb 和 Cd 对土壤覆盖层的污染具有最大的 Zn 含量。结果表明，V. thapsus 植物中 HM 的含量超过了最大允许水平（俄罗斯国家标准）：Zn 超标 23 倍，Pb 超标 2 倍，Cr 超标 31 倍，Cd 超标 3 倍。与根系、茎和叶相比，南打瓜植物花中的 HM 含量较低，表明生殖器官对人为污染有抗性。利用光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜对 V. thapsus 的根和叶进行了解剖和超微结构观察。揭示了人为影响下植物超微结构的变化。受污染植物的超微结构发生了最显著的变化，包括叶片细胞器（线粒体、质体、过氧化物酶体等）的超微结构变化，以及在植物积累金属期间质体的类囊体系统的空间转化，这可能决定了植物适应人为污染的机制。
