Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Forensic Science Center, Livermore, California, USA.
Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA.
Crit Rev Anal Chem. 2022;52(8):1938-1968. doi: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1927668. Epub 2021 May 30.
The rising number of deaths caused by fentanyl overdosing in the US due to the overwhelming illicit use of this synthetic opioid has started a global campaign to develop efficient ways to control its production and distribution as well as discovering efficient antidotes to mitigate its lethal effects. Another important vein of focused research established by various agencies lies in the development of efficient and practical protocols for the detection of this opioid and analogs thereof in various matrices, whether environmental or biological in nature, particularly in the field of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The following review will cover the literature dealing with the detection and identification of synthetic opioids belonging to the fentanyl class by GC-MS means and hyphenated versions of the technique. Detailed descriptions will be given for the GC-MS methods employed for the analysis of the opioid, starting with the nature of the extraction protocol employed prior to analysis to the actual findings presented by the cited reports. Great effort has gone into describing the methods involved in each paper in a detailed manner and these have been compiled by year in tables at the end of each section for the reader's convenience. Lastly, the review will end with concluding remarks about the state of GC-MS analysis with regards to these powerful opioids and what lies ahead for this analytical field.
由于这种合成阿片类药物的非法滥用，美国因芬太尼过量导致的死亡人数不断上升，这引发了一场全球运动，旨在寻找有效控制其生产和分销的方法，以及发现有效解毒剂来减轻其致命影响。另一个由各个机构建立的重要研究方向是开发有效的、实用的检测方法，以检测各种基质中的这种阿片类药物及其类似物，无论是环境还是生物基质，特别是在气相色谱-质谱联用技术 (GC-MS) 领域。本文综述涵盖了通过 GC-MS 手段以及该技术的联用法检测和鉴定属于芬太尼类的合成阿片类药物的文献。将详细描述用于分析阿片类药物的 GC-MS 方法，从分析前采用的提取方案的性质开始，到引用报告中提出的实际结果。在每个部分的末尾，都以表格的形式按年份详细列出了每篇论文中涉及的方法，以便读者查阅。最后，本文将对 GC-MS 分析这些强效阿片类药物的现状以及该分析领域的未来发展进行总结。
