Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Compr Physiol. 2021 Jun 1;11(3):1961-1978. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c200004.
The development and maintenance of differentiation is vital to the function of mature cells. Terminal differentiation is achieved by locking in the expression of genes essential for the function of those cells. Gene expression and its memory through generations of cell division is controlled by transcription factors and a host of epigenetic marks. In type 2 diabetes, β cells have altered gene expression compared to controls, accompanied by altered chromatin marks. Mutations, diet, and environment can all disrupt the implementation and preservation of the distinctive β-cell transcriptional signature. Understanding of the full complement of genomic control in β cells is still nascent. This article describes the known effects of histone marks and variants, DNA methylation, how they are regulated in the β cell, and how they affect cell-fate specification, maintenance, and lineage propagation. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1-18, 2021.
分化的发展和维持对成熟细胞的功能至关重要。通过锁定对这些细胞功能至关重要的基因的表达来实现终末分化。通过转录因子和大量表观遗传标记来控制基因表达及其在细胞分裂过程中的记忆。在 2 型糖尿病中，β 细胞的基因表达与对照相比发生了改变，伴随着染色质标记的改变。突变、饮食和环境都可能破坏独特的β细胞转录特征的实施和保存。对β细胞中基因组控制的全貌的理解仍处于起步阶段。本文描述了组蛋白标记和变体、DNA 甲基化的已知影响，以及它们在 β 细胞中的调控方式，以及它们如何影响细胞命运特化、维持和谱系传播。© 2021 美国生理学会。《生理学综合》11:1-18, 2021.
