Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.
Center of Child Neuro-Ophthalmology, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Unit for Visually Impaired People, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy.
Infant Behav Dev. 2021 Aug;64:101590. doi: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2021.101590. Epub 2021 May 29.
Parent-child interaction is essential to promote adaptive emotional, cognitive, and social development. The majority of previous research on parent-child interaction is largely dependent on face-to-face exchanges that require the interactive partners to visually recognize reciprocal communicative bids. Therefore, previous findings in the field can only partially apply to the early interactive patterns occurring between visually impaired infants and their parents. The present study was aimed to systematically review the available evidence on parent-child interaction in the context of developmental visual impairment.
Fourteen papers were finally selected after literature search on PubMed and Scopus. Data synthesis was focused on three core topics: visually impaired children's contribution to the interaction, parental caregiving behaviors with visually impaired children, and the association between parents' behaviors and the developmental outcomes of children with visual impairment.
Visually impaired children may exhibit reduced reactivity to maternal stimuli and less-than-optimal levels of interactive initiations in social exchanges. Parents of children with visual impairment may use more descriptive communicative acts and greater directiveness compared to mothers of sighted counterparts. Specific caregiving behaviors (e.g., responsiveness and goal setting) of parents of children with visual impairment may significantly support language and socio-emotional development as well as sensorimotor integration.
Children with visual impairment may be less responsive and they may produce less clear communicative bids while interacting with their parents. Their parents may face specific challenges while engaging with them and they may become increasingly directive and intrusive. Nonetheless, even in the presence of visual impairment, the quality of parental caregiving behaviors appears to play a potential preventive role in the face of children's socio-emotional and cognitive outcomes. These results suggest that early interventions focused on parent-child interactions are especially needed in this population.
亲子互动对于促进适应性情感、认知和社会发展至关重要。以前大多数关于亲子互动的研究在很大程度上依赖于面对面的交流，这需要互动伙伴通过视觉识别相互交流的意愿。因此，该领域之前的发现只能部分适用于视障婴儿与其父母之间早期发生的互动模式。本研究旨在系统地回顾视障儿童发展背景下亲子互动的现有证据。
在 PubMed 和 Scopus 上进行文献检索后，最终选择了 14 篇论文。数据综合主要集中在三个核心主题上：视障儿童对互动的贡献、视障儿童的父母养育行为以及父母行为与视障儿童发展结果之间的关联。
视障儿童可能对视刺激的反应减少，在社交交流中互动发起的次数也较少。视障儿童的父母可能会比视力正常儿童的父母使用更多描述性的交流行为和更大的引导。视障儿童父母的特定养育行为（例如反应能力和设定目标）可能会极大地支持语言和社会情感发展以及感觉运动整合。
与父母互动时，视障儿童可能反应较少，发出的交流意愿也不那么清晰。他们的父母在与他们互动时可能会面临特定的挑战，并且可能会变得越来越直接和专横。尽管存在视力障碍，但父母养育行为的质量似乎在儿童的社会情感和认知结果方面发挥了潜在的预防作用。这些结果表明，在该人群中特别需要针对亲子互动的早期干预。
