Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
Laboratory of Chemical and Environmental Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
Molecules. 2021 May 9;26(9):2790. doi: 10.3390/molecules26092790.
Bioanalysis is the scientific field of the quantitative determination of xenobiotics (e.g., drugs and their metabolites) and biotics (e.g., macromolecules) in biological matrices. The most common samples in bioanalysis include blood (i.e., serum, plasma and whole blood) and urine. However, the analysis of alternative biosamples, such as hair and nails are gaining more and more attention. The main limitations for the determination of small organic compounds in biological samples is their low concentration in these matrices, in combination with the sample complexity. Therefore, a sample preparation/analyte preconcentration step is typically required. Currently, the development of novel microextraction and miniaturized extraction techniques, as well as novel adsorbents for the analysis of biosamples, in compliance with the requirements of Green Analytical Chemistry, is in the forefront of research in analytical chemistry. Graphene oxide (GO) is undoubtedly a powerful adsorbent for sample preparation that has been successfully coupled with a plethora of green extraction techniques. GO is composed of carbon atoms in a sp single-atom layer of a hybrid connection, and it exhibits high surface area, as well as good mechanical and thermal stability. In this review, we aim to discuss the applications of GO and functionalized GO derivatives in microextraction and miniaturized extraction techniques for the determination of small organic molecules in biological samples.
生物分析是定量测定生物基质中的外源性物质（如药物及其代谢物）和内源性物质（如生物大分子）的科学领域。生物分析中最常见的样本包括血液（如血清、血浆和全血）和尿液。然而，替代生物样本（如头发和指甲）的分析越来越受到关注。在生物样本中测定小分子化合物的主要限制因素是它们在这些基质中的浓度较低，加上样本的复杂性。因此，通常需要进行样品制备/分析物预浓缩步骤。目前，新型微萃取和微型萃取技术的发展，以及符合绿色分析化学要求的生物样本分析新型吸附剂的发展，是分析化学研究的前沿。氧化石墨烯（GO）无疑是一种强大的样品制备吸附剂，已成功与多种绿色萃取技术结合。GO 由混合连接的 sp 单原子层中的碳原子组成，具有高表面积、良好的机械和热稳定性。在本文中，我们旨在讨论 GO 和功能化 GO 衍生物在微萃取和微型萃取技术中的应用，用于测定生物样品中小分子有机化合物。
