Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.
Viruses. 2021 May 14;13(5):909. doi: 10.3390/v13050909.
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the leading cause of acute hepatitis worldwide. While the transmission in developing countries is dominated by fecal-oral route via drinking contaminated water, the zoonotic transmission is the major route of HEV infection in industrialized countries. The discovery of new HEV strains in a growing number of animal species poses a risk to zoonotic infection. However, the exact mechanism and the determinant factors of zoonotic infection are not completely understood. This review will discuss the current knowledge on the mechanism of cross-species transmission of HEV infection, including viral determinants, such as the open reading frames (ORFs), codon usage and adaptive evolution, as well as host determinants, such as host cellular factors and the host immune status, which possibly play pivotal roles during this event. The pathogenesis of hepatitis E infection will be briefly discussed, including the special forms of this disease, including extrahepatic manifestations, chronic infection, and fulminant hepatitis in pregnant women.
戊型肝炎病毒（HEV）是全球急性肝炎的主要病因。发展中国家的传播途径主要为经口粪-口途径，即饮用受污染的水，而在工业化国家，动物源性传播则是 HEV 感染的主要途径。越来越多的动物物种中新型 HEV 株的发现给动物源性感染带来了风险。然而，动物源性感染的确切机制和决定因素尚不完全清楚。本文将讨论 HEV 感染跨种传播的机制的最新知识，包括病毒决定因素，如开放阅读框（ORFs）、密码子使用和适应性进化，以及宿主决定因素，如宿主细胞因子和宿主免疫状态，这些因素在这一过程中可能起着关键作用。还将简要讨论戊型肝炎感染的发病机制，包括该病的特殊形式，包括肝外表现、慢性感染和孕妇暴发性肝炎。
