Mutation Dictates the Cancer Immune Environment in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma and Other Adenocarcinomas.

Generally, patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, especially those with wide metastatic lesions, have a poor prognosis. Recently, a breakthrough in improving their survival has been achieved by using first-line chemotherapy, such as gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel or oxaliplatin plus irinotecan plus 5-fluorouracil plus calcium folinate. Unfortunately, regimens with high effectiveness are still absent in second- or later-line settings. In addition, although immunotherapy using checkpoint inhibitors definitively represents a novel method for metastatic cancers, monotherapy using checkpoint inhibitors is almost completely ineffective for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas largely due to the suppressive immune milieu in such tumors. Critically, the genomic alteration pattern is believed to impact cancer immune environment. Surprisingly, gene mutation is found in almost all pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas. Moreover, mutation is indispensable for pancreatic carcinogenesis. On these bases, a relationship likely exists between this oncogene and immunosuppression in this cancer. During pancreatic carcinogenesis, mutation-driven events, such as metabolic reprogramming, cell autophagy, and persistent activation of the yes-associated protein pathway, converge to cause immune evasion. However, intriguingly, mutation can dictate a different immune environment in other types of adenocarcinoma, such as colorectal adenocarcinoma and lung adenocarcinoma. Overall, the mutation can drive an immunosuppression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas or in colorectal carcinomas, but this mechanism is not true in -mutant lung adenocarcinomas, especially in the presence of inactivation. As a result, the response of these adenocarcinomas to checkpoint inhibitors will vary.