Umair Muhammad, Tahir Muhammad Farooq, Ullah Riasat Wasee, Ali Jabir, Siddique Naila, Rasheed Ayesha, Akram Muhammad, Zaheer Muhammad Usman, Mohsin Mashkoor
Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
The Fleming Fund Country Grant Pakistan, Health Security Partners, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
Antibiotics (Basel). 2021 May 18;10(5):598. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics10050598.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health challenge and antimicrobial use (AMU) in the livestock sector has been considered as one of the contributing factors towards the development of AMR in bacteria. This study summarizes the results of a point prevalence survey conducted to monitor farm-level AMU in commercial broiler chicken farms in Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) provinces of Pakistan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to quantify AMU and to check seasonal variations of AMU in 12 commercial broiler chicken farms (six from each province) during the summer and winter seasons of the year 2020-2021. AMU was recorded using three AMU metrics: kg, mg per population correction unit (mg/PCU), and mg/kg of final flock weight. A total of 22 antimicrobial drugs (348.59 kg) were used for therapeutic or prophylactic purposes in surveyed broiler chicken farms. The total combined AMU for all the broiler chicken farms was 462.57 mg/PCU. The use of most of the antimicrobials increased during winter flocks compared to summer. The top three antimicrobial drugs used during the summer were neomycin (111.39 mg/PCU), doxycycline (91.91 mg/PCU), and tilmicosin (77.22 mg/PCU), whereas doxycycline (196.81 mg/PCU), neomycin (136.74 mg/PCU), and amoxicillin (115.04 mg/PCU) during the winter. Overall, 60% of the antibiotics used in broiler chicken were critically important antimicrobial classes (CIA) for human medicine as characterized by the World Health Organization. Our findings showed high AMU in broiler chicken production and a call for urgent actions to regulate CIA use in food animals in Pakistan. This baseline survey is critical for the design and implementation of a subsequent national level AMU surveys that can include additional farming types, animals' species, and geographical locations over a longer period of time.
抗菌药物耐药性（AMR）是一项全球性的健康挑战，畜牧业中的抗菌药物使用（AMU）被认为是导致细菌产生AMR的因素之一。本研究总结了一项现况调查的结果，该调查旨在监测巴基斯坦旁遮普省和开伯尔-普赫图赫瓦省（KPK）商业化肉鸡养殖场的农场层面AMU情况。在2020 - 2021年的夏季和冬季，开展了一项横断面研究，以量化AMU并检查12个商业化肉鸡养殖场（每个省份6个）的AMU季节性变化。使用三种AMU指标记录AMU：千克、每群体校正单位毫克数（mg/PCU）以及每最终鸡群重量千克毫克数。在接受调查的肉鸡养殖场中，总共使用了22种抗菌药物（348.59千克）用于治疗或预防目的。所有肉鸡养殖场的总合并AMU为462.57 mg/PCU。与夏季相比，大多数抗菌药物在冬季鸡群中的使用量增加。夏季使用量排名前三的抗菌药物是新霉素（111.39 mg/PCU）、强力霉素（91.91 mg/PCU）和替米考星（77.22 mg/PCU），而冬季则是强力霉素（196.81 mg/PCU）、新霉素（136.74 mg/PCU）和阿莫西林（115.04 mg/PCU）。总体而言，肉鸡中使用的抗生素有60%属于世界卫生组织所定义的对人类医学至关重要的抗菌类别（CIA）。我们的研究结果表明肉鸡生产中AMU水平较高，呼吁巴基斯坦采取紧急行动来规范食用动物中CIA的使用。这项基线调查对于后续全国层面AMU调查的设计和实施至关重要，后续调查可在更长时间内纳入更多养殖类型、动物种类和地理位置。
