Department of Dentistry, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 EX Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Department of Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
Int J Mol Sci. 2021 May 30;22(11):5876. doi: 10.3390/ijms22115876.
Systemic inflammation induced by periodontitis is suggested to be the link between periodontitis and cardiovascular disease. The aim of this work was to explore the oral microbiome in periodontitis in relation to disease severity and systemic inflammation. The saliva and subgingival microbiome from periodontal pocket samples of patients with severe (n = 12) and mild periodontitis (n = 13) were analyzed using metagenomic shotgun sequencing. The taxa and pathways abundances were quantified. The diversity was assessed and the abundances to phenotype associations were performed using ANCOM and linear regression. A panel of inflammatory markers was measured in blood and was associated with taxa abundance. The microbial diversity and species richness did not differ between severe and mild periodontitis in either saliva or periodontal pockets. However, there were significant differences in the microbial composition between severe and mild periodontitis in the subgingival microbiome (i.e., pocket samples) and, in a lower grade, in saliva, and this is positively associated with systemic inflammatory markers. The "red complex" and "cluster B" abundances in periodontal pockets were strongly associated with inflammatory markers interleukin-6 and the white blood cell count. Our data suggest that systemic inflammation in severe periodontitis may be driven by the oral microbiome and may support the indirect (inflammatory) mechanism for the association between periodontitis and cardiovascular disease.
牙周炎引起的全身炎症被认为是牙周炎和心血管疾病之间的联系。本研究旨在探讨牙周炎患者口腔微生物组与疾病严重程度和全身炎症的关系。使用宏基因组鸟枪法测序分析了严重牙周炎（n=12）和轻度牙周炎（n=13）患者牙周袋样本中的唾液和龈下微生物组。定量了分类群和途径丰度。使用 ANCOM 和线性回归评估了多样性，并进行了丰度与表型关联分析。在血液中测量了一组炎症标志物，并与分类群丰度相关联。在唾液或牙周袋中，严重和轻度牙周炎之间的微生物多样性和物种丰富度没有差异。然而，龈下微生物组（即牙周袋样本）和口腔中微生物组成存在显著差异，与全身炎症标志物呈正相关。牙周袋中“红色复合体”和“B 簇”的丰度与白细胞介素 6 和白细胞计数等炎症标志物密切相关。我们的数据表明，严重牙周炎中的全身炎症可能是由口腔微生物组驱动的，这支持了牙周炎与心血管疾病之间关联的间接（炎症）机制。
