Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
Department of Community Health Systems, School of Nursing, University of California, 2 Koret Way, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
BMC Public Health. 2021 Jun 2;21(1):1053. doi: 10.1186/s12889-021-11107-x.
Trans women experience high rates of gender-based violence (GBV)-a risk factor for adverse health outcomes. Transphobic hate crimes are one such form of GBV that affect trans women. However, little is understood about factors that shape transphobic hate crimes and racial/ethnic variation in these experiences. To contextualize GBV risk and police reporting, we examined self-reported types and correlates of transphobic hate crimes by racial/ethnic group of trans women in the San Francisco Bay Area.
From 2016 to 2018, trans women participated in a longitudinal cohort study of HIV. Secondary data analyses (N = 629) examined self-reported experiences of transphobic hate crimes (i.e., robbery, physical assault, sexual assault, and battery with weapon) by race/ethnicity, and whether hate crimes were reported to the police. Chi-square tests and simple logistic regression examined demographic, sociocultural, and gender identity factors associated with transphobic violence experiences and police reporting.
About half (45.8%) of participants reported ever experiencing a transphobic hate crime; only 51.1% of these were reported to the police. Among those who reported a hate crime experience, Black (47.9%) and Latina (49.0%) trans women reported a higher prevalence of battery with a weapon; White (26.7%) and trans women of "other" race/ethnicities (25.0%) reported a higher prevalence of sexual assault (p = 0.001). Having one's gender questioned, history of sex work, homelessness as a child and adult, and a history incarceration were associated with higher odds of experiencing a transphobic hate crime. Trans women who felt their gender identity questioned had lower odds of reporting a hate crime to the police compared to those did not feel questioned.
A high proportion of trans women experienced a transphobic hate crime, with significant socio-structural risk factors and racial differences by crime type. However, crimes were underreported to the police. Interventions that address structural factors, especially among trans women of color, can yield violence prevention benefits.
跨性别女性经历高比率的基于性别的暴力（GBV）——这是不良健康后果的一个风险因素。跨性别仇恨犯罪就是这样一种形式的 GBV，它影响跨性别女性。然而，对于塑造跨性别仇恨犯罪的因素以及这些经历的种族/民族差异，人们知之甚少。为了使 GBV 风险和警察报案具有背景，我们检查了旧金山湾区跨性别女性的种族/民族群体报告的跨性别仇恨犯罪的类型和相关因素。
从 2016 年到 2018 年，跨性别女性参加了一项 HIV 纵向队列研究。二次数据分析（N=629）检查了种族/民族报告的跨性别仇恨犯罪（即抢劫、身体攻击、性侵犯和带武器的殴打）的自我报告经历，以及仇恨犯罪是否向警方报案。卡方检验和简单逻辑回归检验了与跨性别暴力经历和警察报案相关的人口统计学、社会文化和性别认同因素。
约一半（45.8%）的参与者报告曾经历过跨性别仇恨犯罪；其中只有 51.1%的人向警方报案。在报告仇恨犯罪经历的人中，黑人（47.9%）和拉丁裔（49.0%）跨性别女性报告的带武器殴打发生率更高；白人（26.7%）和其他种族/民族的跨性别女性（25.0%）报告的性侵犯发生率更高（p=0.001）。质疑自己的性别、性工作史、儿童和成年时期的无家可归以及监禁史与经历跨性别仇恨犯罪的可能性更高有关。感到自己的性别身份受到质疑的跨性别女性向警方报案的可能性低于没有感到质疑的跨性别女性。
相当一部分跨性别女性经历了跨性别仇恨犯罪，存在显著的社会结构性风险因素和按犯罪类型划分的种族差异。然而，这些犯罪向警方报案的比例很低。解决结构性因素的干预措施，特别是针对跨性别有色人种女性的干预措施，可以产生预防暴力的好处。
