Boyle Sarah C, LaBrie Joseph W, Omoto Allen M
Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, 91711.
Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA, 90045.
Psychol Sex Orientat Gend Divers. 2020 Jun;7(2):117-131. doi: 10.1037/sgd0000373. Epub 2020 Jan 30.
Although sexual minority stress remains the dominant perspective for understanding disproportionate substance use among lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) populations, social norms are among the most predictive and commonly targeted substance use antecedents in other high-risk groups. This scoping review seeks to bring clarity to the body of norms-focused alcohol, tobacco, and other drug (ATOD) research conducted with LGBs over the past 20 years, identify intervention implications, and present priority directions for future research. Fifty-two peer-reviewed studies published between June 1999 and June 2019 were identified from searches of PubMed, PsycInfo, and Medline databases using combinations of terms related to: social norms; sexual orientation or sexual minority status; and, the use of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs. A far greater number of studies focused on actual ATOD norms than perceived ATOD norms or discrepancies between actual or perceived norms, illuminating the need for additional research focused on these levels of analysis. Taken together, this literature suggests that: (1) perceived ATOD norms are reliable predictors of LGBs' ATOD use; (2) actual ATOD use norms are low among LGBs participating in representative, population-based survey studies; and, (3) LGBs over-estimate the ATOD use of peers. Thus, intervention strategies including personalized normative feedback, psychoeducation, and social branding may hold promise in reducing LGBs substance use. However, additional research is needed to increase our understanding of injunctive ATOD norms, identify meaningful LGB reference groups, elucidate environmental influences on ATOD norms, and examine relationships between stigma experiences, perceived norms, and ATOD use.
尽管性少数群体压力仍然是理解女同性恋、男同性恋和双性恋（LGB）人群中物质使用不均衡现象的主要视角，但社会规范是其他高危群体中最具预测性且最常被作为目标的物质使用前置因素之一。本综述旨在厘清过去20年里针对LGB群体开展的以规范为重点的酒精、烟草和其他药物（ATOD）研究，确定干预意义，并提出未来研究的优先方向。通过在PubMed、PsycInfo和Medline数据库中搜索，使用与以下内容相关的术语组合，确定了1999年6月至2019年6月期间发表的52篇同行评审研究：社会规范；性取向或性少数群体身份；以及酒精、烟草和其他药物的使用。关注实际ATOD规范的研究数量远远多于关注感知到的ATOD规范或实际与感知规范之间差异的研究，这表明需要针对这些分析层面开展更多研究。综合来看，这些文献表明：（1）感知到的ATOD规范是LGB群体ATOD使用的可靠预测指标；（2）在参与具有代表性的基于人群的调查研究的LGB群体中，实际ATOD使用规范较低；（3）LGB群体高估了同伴的ATOD使用情况。因此，包括个性化规范反馈、心理教育和社会品牌推广在内的干预策略可能有望减少LGB群体的物质使用。然而，需要更多研究来增进我们对指令性ATOD规范的理解，确定有意义的LGB参照群体，阐明环境对ATOD规范的影响，并研究污名经历、感知规范与ATOD使用之间的关系。
