Department of Occupational Disease, Yantai Shan Hospital, (Yantai Occupational Disease Hospital), NO. 167 Airport Road, Zhifu District, Yantai City, Shandong Province, 264025, China.
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences, Khalkhal, Iran; Sharifsafetyindex, Health, Safety, Environment Service, Co, Iran.
Environ Res. 2021 Sep;200:111460. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111460. Epub 2021 Jun 4.
Waterpipe (WP) smoking is a global phenomenon, with the most consumers in Middle East countries and China. Heavy metals exposure related to WP smoking has been associated with many adverse health effects. However, the association of lifestyle factors and smoking habits with blood heavy metals concentration in WP smokers is unclear yet. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the relationship of lifestyle factors (i.e., diet and physical activity) and smoking habits (i.e., duration of the use of WP and times of smoking WP per week) with blood concentrations of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd). This cross-sectional study was based on 86 WP smokers in Khalkhal, Iran (2018). Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) was used to measure heavy metals. The median (interquartile range (IQR)) of Pb and Cd concentrations were 39 (24) and 1.3 (1.2) μg/L. The blood Pb and Cd levels were significantly higher in participants with lower education level (P-value = 0.049 and 0.041, respectively). An IQR increase in physical activity per week was associated with -0.12 μg/L (95% confidence interval (CI): -0.23, -0.01, P-value = 0.04) decrease in Pb concentration. An increase in the times of consuming fruit per week was negatively associated with the concentration of Cd. Overall, our findings suggested that physical activity and healthy diet have been associated with lower blood heavy metal concentrations in WP smokers; however, further studies are needed to confirm these findings.
水烟（WP）吸烟是一种全球性现象，以中东国家和中国的消费者最多。与 WP 吸烟相关的重金属暴露与许多不良健康影响有关。然而，生活方式因素和吸烟习惯与 WP 吸烟者血液重金属浓度之间的关联尚不清楚。因此，我们旨在调查生活方式因素（即饮食和体育活动）和吸烟习惯（即 WP 使用时间和每周吸烟次数）与血液中铅（Pb）和镉（Cd）浓度的关系。这项横断面研究基于伊朗哈勒克哈尔的 86 名 WP 吸烟者（2018 年）。使用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法（GFAAS）测量重金属。Pb 和 Cd 浓度的中位数（四分位距（IQR））分别为 39（24）和 1.3（1.2）μg/L。文化程度较低的参与者血液 Pb 和 Cd 水平明显较高（P 值分别为 0.049 和 0.041）。每周体育活动量增加一个 IQR 与 Pb 浓度降低 0.12μg/L（95%置信区间（CI）：-0.23，-0.01，P 值=0.04）相关。每周食用水果次数增加与 Cd 浓度呈负相关。总体而言，我们的研究结果表明，体育活动和健康饮食与 WP 吸烟者血液重金属浓度较低有关；然而，需要进一步的研究来证实这些发现。
