Zago Erika, Joly Nicolas, Chaveriat Ludovic, Lequart Vincent, Martin Patrick
Unité Transformations & Agroressources, Univ Artois-UniLasalle, ULR7519, F-62408 Bethune, France.
Biotechnol Rep (Amst). 2021 May 18;30:e00631. doi: 10.1016/j.btre.2021.e00631. eCollection 2021 Jun.
Glycolipids, carbohydrate fatty esters or sugar esters are amphiphilic molecules containing hydrophilic groups bonded to hydrophobic parent structures. Recently, glycolipids have shown their antimicrobial and antitumor capacities. Their surface activity properties have applications in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Sugar esters' building blocks can be obtained from natural resources and/or be transformed by biochemical pathways for uses as surfactants. Biosurfactants are non-ionic, nontoxic, biodegradable, tasteless, and odourless. The biocatalysis of these molecules involves sustainable, green, and safer methods. The advantages of producing biosurfactants from enzymatic catalysis are the energy economy, high selectivity, production of natural products, reduction of the use of fossil-based solvents and chloride compounds. This review presents the most recent studies concerning the evaluation of the impact of the main parameters and their levels influencing the enzymatic synthesis of glycolipids. Various enzyme catalysed synthetic methods were described. The parameters studied were temperature, reaction time, solvent system, type of biocatalyst, substrates molar ratio proportion and the nature of substrates. This review discusses the influence of different biocatalysts in the conversions of glycolipids; The reactivity from mono to polysaccharides and their interaction with fatty acids of different carbon chain lengths in the presence of specific enzymes; The effect of the solvent polarity, the use of multiple solvents, ionic liquids, supercritical CO, and solvent-free media in sugar ester conversions; And the optimization of temperature and reaction time in different enzymatic systems.
糖脂、碳水化合物脂肪酸酯或糖酯是两亲性分子，含有与疏水母体结构相连的亲水基团。最近，糖脂已显示出其抗菌和抗肿瘤能力。它们的表面活性特性在食品、制药和化妆品工业中有应用。糖酯的构建单元可以从自然资源中获得和/或通过生化途径转化，用作表面活性剂。生物表面活性剂是非离子、无毒、可生物降解、无味且无臭的。这些分子的生物催化涉及可持续、绿色且更安全的方法。通过酶催化生产生物表面活性剂的优点包括能源节约、高选择性、天然产物的生产、减少基于化石的溶剂和氯化物化合物的使用。本综述介绍了关于评估主要参数及其水平对糖脂酶促合成影响的最新研究。描述了各种酶催化合成方法。所研究的参数包括温度、反应时间、溶剂体系、生物催化剂类型、底物摩尔比比例和底物性质。本综述讨论了不同生物催化剂在糖脂转化中的影响；在特定酶存在下，从单糖到多糖的反应性及其与不同碳链长度脂肪酸的相互作用；溶剂极性、多种溶剂、离子液体、超临界CO和无溶剂介质在糖酯转化中的作用；以及不同酶系统中温度和反应时间的优化。
