Integrated proteomics and metabolomics analysis of transgenic and gene-stacked maize line seeds.

Unintended effects of genetically modified (GM) crops may pose safety issues. Omics techniques provide researchers with useful tools to assess such unintended effects. Proteomics and metabolomics analyses were performed for three GM maize varieties, 2A-7, CC-2, and 2A-7×CC-2 stacked transgenic maize, and the corresponding non-GM parent Zheng58.Proteomics revealed 120, 271 and 135 maize differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the 2A-7/Zheng58, CC-2/Zheng58 and 2A-7×CC-2/Zheng58 comparisons, respectively. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis showed that most DEPs participated in metabolic pathways and the biosynthesis of secondary metabolite. Metabolomics revealed 179, 135 and 131 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) in the 2A-7/Zheng58, CC-2/Zheng58 and 2A-7×CC-2/Zheng58 comparisons, respectively. Based on KEGG enrichment analysis, most DAMs are involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolite and metabolic pathways. According to integrated proteomics and metabolomics analysis, the introduction of exogenous EPSPS did not affect the expression levels of six other enzymes or the abundance of seven metabolites involved in the shikimic acid pathway in CC-2 and 2A-7×CC-2 seeds. Six co-DEPs annotated by integrated proteomics and metabolomics pathway analysis were further analyzed by qRT-PCR.This study successfully employed integrated proteomic and metabolomic technology to assess unintended changes in maize varieties. The results suggest that GM and gene stacking do not cause significantly unintended effects.