Center for Research on Environment and Sustainable Technologies, Indian Indstitute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, India.
Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhauri, Bhopal, 462 066, India.
J Environ Manage. 2021 Sep 1;293:112904. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112904. Epub 2021 Jun 4.
Fine particulate matter (PM) mass and its chemical constituents were measured over Van Vihar National Park (VVNP) in Bhopal, central India. Fine PM collected over two years onto Teflon filters using a Mini-Vol® sampler were analyzed for trace elements using an Energy Dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) spectrometer. The temporal behaviour, dry deposition fluxes and transport pathways of elements, in addition to their health risks were examined in this study. S, K, Si, Al, Ca, and Fe accounted for most of the PM-bound trace elements (~88% on average). Pronounced seasonality was observed for major elements (S, K, and Cl) and reconstructed soil (estimated as the sum of oxides of crustal elements, i.e., Si, Al, Ca, Fe, and Ti), with winter and post-monsoon season highs, potentially due to source strengths and favourable metrology during these seasons. The synoptic meteorology during these seasons favoured the fetch of particles from highly polluted regions such as the Indo-Gangetic Plain. The estimated average dry depositional flux of each element in this study was comparable to those measured/estimated for each of these species over other urban areas. The sum of the dry deposition flux for crustal elements (1301.9 ± 880.7 μg m d) was in agreement with global dust cycle models. Air-parcel trajectory cluster analysis revealed that S, K, and Cl were influenced by biomass and coal burning in predominantly in central, and northwestern India, while reconstructed soil was influenced by air masses from the Arabian and Thar deserts. Finally, human exposure risk assessment to carcinogens (As, Cr, Cd, Pb and Ni) and non-carcinogens (Cu, Zn, Mn, V, Hg, Se and Al) revealed that no significant risk was posed by these elements. The assessment in this study was a screening for severe adverse effects, rather than a speciated health assessment. Thus, over the study region, monitoring, health risk assessment and mitigation measures, where needed, must be enhanced to ensure that trace elements induced health effects continue to be within safe levels.
在印度中部的博帕尔的凡维哈里国家公园（VVNP）测量了细颗粒物（PM）质量及其化学成分。使用 Mini-Vol®采样器在两年期间将细颗粒物收集到聚四氟乙烯（Teflon）滤纸上，并用能量色散 X 射线荧光（ED-XRF）光谱仪分析痕量元素。本研究还检查了元素的时间行为、干沉降通量和传输途径及其健康风险。S、K、Si、Al、Ca 和 Fe 占大部分 PM 结合痕量元素（平均约 88%）。主要元素（S、K 和 Cl）和重建土壤（估计为地壳元素氧化物之和，即 Si、Al、Ca、Fe 和 Ti）表现出明显的季节性，冬季和后季风季节含量最高，可能是由于这些季节的源强度和有利的气象条件。这些季节的天气综合气象学有利于从高度污染的地区（如印度恒河平原）获取颗粒。本研究中每种元素的估计平均干沉降通量与这些物种在其他城市地区测量/估计的干沉降通量相当。地壳元素的干沉降通量总和（1301.9±880.7μg·m-2·d-1）与全球粉尘循环模型一致。空气包裹轨迹聚类分析表明，S、K 和 Cl 受到印度中部和西北部生物质和煤炭燃烧的影响，而重建土壤受到来自阿拉伯和塔尔沙漠的空气团的影响。最后，对致癌物质（As、Cr、Cd、Pb 和 Ni）和非致癌物质（Cu、Zn、Mn、V、Hg、Se 和 Al）的人类暴露风险评估表明，这些元素没有造成显著风险。本研究中的评估是对严重不良影响的筛选，而不是对特定健康状况的评估。因此，在研究区域内，必须加强监测、健康风险评估和缓解措施，以确保微量元素引起的健康影响继续保持在安全水平内。
