Multi-Level Attention Network for Retinal Vessel Segmentation.

Automatic vessel segmentation in the fundus images plays an important role in the screening, diagnosis, treatment, and evaluation of various cardiovascular and ophthalmologic diseases. However, due to the limited well-annotated data, varying size of vessels, and intricate vessel structures, retinal vessel segmentation has become a long-standing challenge. In this paper, a novel deep learning model called AACA-MLA-D-UNet is proposed to fully utilize the low-level detailed information and the complementary information encoded in different layers to accurately distinguish the vessels from the background with low model complexity. The architecture of the proposed model is based on U-Net, and the dropout dense block is proposed to preserve maximum vessel information between convolution layers and mitigate the over-fitting problem. The adaptive atrous channel attention module is embedded in the contracting path to sort the importance of each feature channel automatically. After that, the multi-level attention module is proposed to integrate the multi-level features extracted from the expanding path, and use them to refine the features at each individual layer via attention mechanism. The proposed method has been validated on the three publicly available databases, i.e. the DRIVE, STARE, and CHASE _ DB1. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can achieve better or comparable performance on retinal vessel segmentation with lower model complexity. Furthermore, the proposed method can also deal with some challenging cases and has strong generalization ability.