Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, NL, Mexico.
Fundacion de Investigacion HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain.
Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol. 2021;180:119-153. doi: 10.1007/112_2021_58.
Alcohol is one of the most consumed drugs in the world, even during pregnancy. Its use is a risk factor for developing adverse outcomes, e.g. fetal death, miscarriage, fetal growth restriction, and premature birth, also resulting in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Ethanol metabolism induces an oxidative environment that promotes the oxidation of lipids and proteins, triggers DNA damage, and advocates mitochondrial dysfunction, all of them leading to apoptosis and cellular injury. Several organs are altered due to this harmful behavior, the brain being one of the most affected. Throughout pregnancy, the human placenta is one of the most important organs for women's health and fetal development, as it secretes numerous hormones necessary for a suitable intrauterine environment. However, our understanding of the human placenta is very limited and even more restricted is the knowledge of the impact of toxic substances in its development and fetal growth. So, could ethanol consumption during this period have wounding effects in the placenta, compromising proper fetal organ development? Several studies have demonstrated that alcohol impairs various signaling cascades within G protein-coupled receptors and tyrosine kinase receptors, mainly through its action on insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) signaling pathway. This last cascade is involved in cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation and in placentation. This review tries to examine the current knowledge and gaps in our existing understanding of the ethanol effects in insulin/IGFs signaling pathway, which can explain the mechanism to elucidate the adverse actions of ethanol in the maternal-fetal interface of mammals.
酒精是世界上消费最多的毒品之一，甚至在怀孕期间也是如此。它的使用是导致不良后果的风险因素，例如胎儿死亡、流产、胎儿生长受限和早产，还会导致胎儿酒精谱系障碍。乙醇代谢会诱导氧化环境，促进脂质和蛋白质的氧化，引发 DNA 损伤，并导致线粒体功能障碍，所有这些都会导致细胞凋亡和细胞损伤。由于这种有害行为，几个器官发生了改变，大脑是受影响最严重的器官之一。在整个怀孕期间，人类胎盘是女性健康和胎儿发育最重要的器官之一，因为它分泌许多对合适的宫内环境所必需的激素。然而，我们对人类胎盘的了解非常有限，对有毒物质在其发育和胎儿生长中的影响的了解甚至更为有限。那么，在此期间饮酒是否会对胎盘造成创伤，从而影响胎儿器官的正常发育呢？多项研究表明，酒精会损害 G 蛋白偶联受体和酪氨酸激酶受体中的各种信号级联，主要是通过其对胰岛素和胰岛素样生长因子 1（IGF-1）信号通路的作用。最后这条级联参与细胞增殖、迁移和分化以及胎盘形成。这篇综述试图探讨我们目前对酒精在胰岛素/IGF 信号通路中作用的认识和理解上的空白，这可以解释阐明酒精在哺乳动物母体-胎儿界面的不良作用的机制。
